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TEXTBOOK: OPENSTAX ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2e
APA FORMAT
Blood & Lymphatics
1. Describe the important components, functions, and major characteristics of whole blood.
2. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.
3. List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells.
4. Describe the chemical structure of hemoglobin and how it relates to sickle cell anemia.
5. Describe how the components of aged or damaged red blood cells are recycled.
6. Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for the ABO and Rh incompatibilities.
7. List the common characteristics to all leukocytes.
8. Discuss the structural and functional differences between the different types of leukocytes and list the relative abundance of each type in a healthy individual.
9. Discuss the characteristics and functions of platelets.
10. Discuss the process of hematopoiesis and list the stages, factors, and chemicals involved in the process.
11. Describe the events of the clotting cascade and list the chemicals that regulate each phase of the process.
12. Describe the structure and function of lymphatic system and its relationship to blood vessels and to the immune system.
13. Identify the variety of lymph vessels, describe the areas of the body they drain, and explain lymphedema.
14. Identify the classes of lymphocytes, discuss their importance, and describe their distribution in the body.
15. Describe the structure and function of Peyer’s patches, MALT, the appendix, and tonsils.
16. Describe the structure and function of the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
17. Trace the path of lymph through a lymph node.
18. Explain how physical barriers and phagocytes play a role in innate or non-specific defenses.
19. Describe the immunological surveillance and explain the role of NK cells.
20. Describe the various types of interferons and their functions.
21. Explain the alternate and classical pathways of complement activation.
22. Explain the significance of inflammation and fever as innate defenses.
23. Describe the differences between innate defenses and adaptive defenses.
24. Explain how antigens trigger an immune response by way of MHC Class I and Class II proteins.
25. Explain the events of antigen recognition and the roles of CD markers and cell differentiation.
26. Explain the sensitization and activation of B cells and the role of plasma cells.
27. Describe the structure of an antibody, discuss the types of antibodies in the body, and explain the primary and secondary responses to antigen exposure.
28. Explain the many mechanisms by which antibodies destroy antigens.
29. Describe the processes of clonal expansion of B-cells and T-cells.
30. Compare and contrast the immune response against bacterial infections versus viral infections.
