Part 4 – Episodic and semantic memory failures can be annoying, but they may serve a
purpose. First, explore why it might be desirable for a person to be able to forget some
information. However, as discussed in the text, fMRI shows that the hippocampus is
active even when retrieving very old episodic information, especially when subjected to
a similar event.
Search for at least two journal articles that might support the idea that these old
memories can cause us to have attitudes toward future events without even knowing
them. How is this information useful for an educator to be aware of, as well as a school
counselor? Note how current relationships with similar experiences might change one’s
attitudes toward those events. Search guides for these articles might include keywords
such as memories, future emotions, etc. One you might use is Remembering the
Details: Effects of Emotion. Answer the following questions for each article you find.
Title: The Impact of Experience Characteristics on Memory
● Summarize and cite your first chosen journal article.
○ How is this information useful for an educator to be aware of, as well as a
school counselor?
○ Note how current relationships with similar experiences might change
one’s attitudes toward those events.
● Summarize and cite your second chosen journal article.
○ How is this information useful for an educator to be aware of, as well as a
school counselor?
○ Note how current relationships with similar experiences might change
one’s attitudes toward those events.
Part 5- is significant data and evidence to support that children from lower
socioeconomic status groups and those from minority groups often experience attitudes
about learning and school that are negative. Some children attribute their academic
failures to inescapable conditions: “I am bad at math,” or “I’m not as smart as the other
kids, etc.” Confronted with a new math problem, such a child might not even try, just like
in the case of Seligman’s helpless dogs discussed in Chapter 10 of your textbook.
Maybe this attitude could be reversed or lessened by a training procedure that starts
with problems the child can solve and intermixes progressively harder ones, gradually
teaching the child a way to “escape” from the cycle of failure by exposure to challenges
that they can master, therefore promoting a sense of confidence which may impact
learning. Reading and math skills are the two deficits most often seen in some children.
Create a case study of a third-grade child who creates a diversion every time the child is
asked to read out loud in class. Describe this behavior using the following from Chapter
10 of your textbook:
● Conditioned Emotional Responses
● Conditioned Escape
● Conditioned Avoidance
● Learned Helplessness
Once identified, create techniques for each child to assist them in overcoming these
emotional fears that prevent learning. Define the role of the school counselor and their
collaboration with the teachers. Finally, remembering that this child is in third grade,
discuss when these interventions should have been identified and, from a habit
formation basis, how earlier interventions can potentially create better outcomes.
Address how teachers can better identify these potential problem areas and when they
should refer to a school counselor. Use the Learned Helplessness Case Study Template
to complete your assignment.
Topic: Overcoming Culturally Created Learned
Helplessness
I. Case Study:
II. Conditioned Emotional Responses:
III. Conditioned Escape:
IV. Conditioned Avoidance:
V. Learned Helplessness: Techniques to assist decreased frequency of:
a. Conditioned emotional responses
b. Conditioned escape
c. Conditioned avoidance
d. Learned Helplessness
VI. Role of School Counselor in collaborating with educators:
VII. Early Intervention Discussion:
VIII. Outcome Statement:
a. Complete the following statement: With the assistance of the
educator and school counselor (and others) after successfully
reducing conditioned responses, the s in tudent should be able to:
Part 6- A human begins to develop shortly after conception. This includes brain
development and physiological development. Although there is numerous potential for
disruption in this development, infancy through childhood development has been
researched more in the school environment and how to create effective learning
environments for children. Knowing and understanding development helps us to create
better learning strategies that build upon each other to assist a child in learning
progressively and optimally.
For this assignment, summarize what types of learning occur from birth through
adolescence. Include concepts of classical conditioning, operant conditioning,
conditioning and skill learning, episodic memory, semantic memory, imprinting, sensitive
periods, language learning, puberty, and maturation. Be specific about when a child can
process these concepts and how they impact future learning. Include what happens
when there is a pathology, such as Down’s syndrome or an environmental difficulty that
prevents optimal development. Finally, look over the list of top ten causes of a child’s
behaviors in school which might apply to children of all ages (this is not all-inclusive, so
add at least two of your own) and suggest a technique that a school counselor might
use to investigate and decrease these behaviors:
● Health, including hunger: Does the child have an underlying medical problem
that explains their behavior? If a child is experiencing pain or discomfort, then
they may be acting out to express this, particularly if they have a problem
communicating it.
● Behavioral difficulties: Conditions like ADHD, autism, and other learning
difficulties may make the child unable to handle and express their feelings
effectively. Furthermore, if other children leave them out due to these difficulties,
it’s likely to make their feelings and behavior worse.
● Change: It’s worth asking yourself whether the child has been through any big
changes recently and whether this is causing them to display challenging
behavior. For example, if they’ve moved to school, their parents have separated,
or someone close to them has passed away.
● Learned behavior: The child may have learned that acting out is how they get
what they want or may have been in an environment where everyone acted in
the same way.
● Home environment: If the child has a poor home environment, such as frequent
arguing, then they may feel like shouting and hostility are the norm. Additionally,
if there are parental issues, such as domestic violence, mental health problems,
and substance misuse, the child may adopt challenging behavior as an outlet.
● Boredom: Challenging behavior may arise if the student feels bored in class and
with their work. Moreover, an unrecognized talent may also result in the behavior,
as students struggle to stay on track with something they already know how to
do.
● Lack of routine: A lack of routine, often in their home environment, can also
create challenging behavior. For example, late bedtimes, lack of sleep,
insufficient support, and lack of behavioral boundaries.
