dis and reply y each qoution one file

HCM 515 – M4: Replies
Replay 1: NORAH ALGHERIBI – Public vs. Private Healthcare Facilities in Saudi Arabia: A
Comparative Analysis
Healthcare in Saudi Arabia is provided through both public and private sectors, each operating
under different regulatory frameworks and financial structures. The Saudi Ministry of Health
(MOH) oversees the public sector, ensuring healthcare access for citizens free of charge, while
private facilities operate under a profit-driven model regulated by the Saudi Central Board for
Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI) and the Saudi Arabian General Investment
Authority (SAGIA) (Al-Hanawi et al., 2019). This discussion examines King Fahd Medical City
(KFMC), a public facility, and Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital, a private healthcare facility, to
analyze the key differences and similarities in their operations, financial models, and legal
compliance.
A major difference between the two facilities is their funding and financial models. King Fahd
Medical City operates under a government-funded system, providing free or heavily subsidized
healthcare to Saudi citizens. The facility follows a budget allocation approach dictated by the
MOH and is sustained through public taxation (Alharbi, 2018). In contrast, Dr. Sulaiman AlHabib Hospital follows a capitation-based model, where financial sustainability depends on
private insurance reimbursements and out-of-pocket payments. While this model promotes
efficiency, it raises concerns about healthcare equity, as access is often determined by financial
capacity rather than medical necessity (Almalki et al., 2019).
Service quality and accessibility also vary between public and private healthcare facilities. Public
hospitals, such as KFMC, are committed to universal healthcare; however, they often struggle
with long wait times, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and overburdened staff due to high patient
volumes. Conversely, private hospitals like Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib tend to offer faster services,
advanced medical technologies, and specialized care. However, the cost of treatment in private
facilities remains a limiting factor, restricting access primarily to those with private health
insurance or the ability to pay out of pocket (Al-Hanawi et al., 2020).
Regulatory compliance and the legal framework under which these facilities operate are also key
distinguishing factors. The Saudi Health Law and Vision 2030 reforms have increased the role of
private healthcare, enforcing accreditation standards across both public and private sectors. As a
public institution, KFMC follows MOH protocols and budgetary constraints, ensuring
compliance with Article 2 of the Saudi Health Law, which mandates free healthcare services for
citizens. Meanwhile, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Hospital must adhere to CBAHI standards and
private sector regulations, ensuring patient safety, pricing transparency, and quality care metrics,
as required by Article 8 of the Private Health Institutions Law (Almalki et al., 2019).
Despite these differences, public and private healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia share several
similarities. Both must comply with national health policies, accreditation by CBAHI, and the
Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) guidelines for professional licensing. In
addition, both sectors are embracing technological advancements, with many hospitals adopting
electronic health records (EHRs) and AI-driven medical technologies as part of Vision 2030

healthcare reforms. Another shared challenge is the shortage of Saudi national healthcare
professionals, which has led both public and private facilities to rely heavily on expatriate
doctors and nurses. To address this, the government has implemented the Saudization (Nitaqat)
program, which aims to increase the participation of Saudi professionals in the healthcare sector.
In conclusion, public and private healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia operate under different
financial structures and legal regulations. Public hospitals prioritize universal access, while
private facilities emphasize efficiency and specialized services. Government regulations,
including MOH policies and Vision 2030 reforms, continue to play a crucial role in bridging
disparities between the two sectors while ensuring healthcare quality and accessibility for the
Saudi population.
References
Al-Hanawi, M. K., Alsharqi, O., Almazrou, S., & Vaidya, K. (2019). Healthcare financing in
Saudi Arabia: A review of challenges and opportunities. Global Health Research and Policy, 4(8),
1-12.
Alharbi, M. (2018). An analysis of Saudi healthcare system: A SWOT perspective. International
Journal of Healthcare Management, 11(4), 301-309.

Almalki, M., Fitzgerald, G., & Clark, M. (2019). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An
overview. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(10), 784-793.

Replay 2: DEMAH BARNAWI
public and private
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), healthcare services are provided through both public and
private facilities. For this analysis, I will examine King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) as a
public healthcare facility and Saudi German Hospital as a private healthcare facility in Saudi
Arabia. These two facilities provide a clear contrast between public and private healthcare
systems in the Kingdom.
1. Overview of the Facilities
King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC):
KAMC is a flagship public healthcare facility operated by the Ministry of National Guard Health
Affairs (MNGHA). It provides comprehensive medical services, including primary, secondary,
and tertiary care, and is a major center for medical education and research. As a public
institution, it serves Saudi nationals and is funded by the government.
Saudi German Hospital:
Saudi German Hospital is a leading private healthcare provider with multiple branches across
Saudi Arabia. It offers high-quality medical services, including specialized treatments, and caters
to both Saudi nationals and expatriates. It operates as a for-profit entity, focusing on patient
satisfaction and advanced medical technologies.
2. Differences Between Public and Private Facilities
Funding and Ownership:
KAMC is publicly funded and operated by the government, with a focus on providing affordable
healthcare to Saudi citizens.
Saudi German Hospital is privately funded, relying on patient fees, insurance reimbursements,
and investments to sustain operations.
Access and Patient Demographics:
KAMC primarily serves Saudi nationals, with expatriates requiring special approvals or paying
higher fees.
Saudi German Hospital caters to a diverse patient population, including expatriates and those
willing to pay for premium services.
Service Quality and Wait Times:
Public facilities like KAMC may experience longer wait times due to high patient volumes and
resource constraints.
Private facilities like Saudi German Hospital typically offer shorter wait times and more
personalized care, as they operate on a fee-for-service model.

Scope of Services:
KAMC focuses on comprehensive care, including specialized treatments, research, and medical
education.
Saudi German Hospital provides a wide range of services, from primary care to specialized
treatments, often emphasizing convenience and patient satisfaction.
3. Similarities Between Public and Private Facilities
Regulation and Standards:
Both KAMC and Saudi German Hospital are regulated by the Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH)
and must adhere to national healthcare standards and policies. This ensures that all healthcare
providers meet minimum quality and safety requirements.
Adoption of Technology:
Both facilities invest in advanced medical technologies and infrastructure to improve patient
outcomes. For example, KAMC and Saudi German Hospital both utilize state-of-the-art
diagnostic and treatment tools.
Focus on Vision 2030:
Both public and private facilities align with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, which aims to improve
healthcare quality, accessibility, and efficiency. This includes initiatives to enhance preventive
care, reduce chronic diseases, and promote public-private partnerships.
4. Impact of Law on Operations
The legal framework in Saudi Arabia significantly impacts how public and private healthcare
facilities operate. Key legal influences include:
Licensing and Accreditation:
Both KAMC and Saudi German Hospital must obtain licenses from the MOH and comply with
accreditation standards set by bodies like the Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of
Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI). This ensures uniformity in service quality across the sector
(Almalki, FitzGerald, & Clark, 2011).
Health Insurance Laws:
The Cooperative Health Insurance Law mandates that employers provide health insurance for
expatriates. This has increased the demand for private healthcare services, as expatriates often
prefer private facilities for their accessibility and quality (Alkhamis, 2012).
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
Saudi laws encourage PPPs to enhance healthcare delivery. For example, private facilities may
collaborate with public entities to manage certain services, reducing the burden on public
hospitals and improving efficiency (Alshammari, 2020).

Patient Rights and Data Privacy:
Both facilities must comply with laws protecting patient rights and data privacy, such as the
Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) regulations. This ensures ethical
practices in patient care and information management.
5. Theoretical Framework
The differences and similarities between public and private healthcare facilities can be analyzed
using principal-agent theory. In public facilities, the government (principal) delegates healthcare
delivery to public institutions (agents), aiming to maximize social welfare. In private facilities,
the principal (owners or shareholders) seeks to maximize profit while ensuring quality care
(Alkhamis, 2012). This theory highlights the trade-offs between accessibility, quality, and
efficiency in both systems.
Conclusion
Public and private healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia, such as KAMC and Saudi German
Hospital, play complementary roles in the healthcare ecosystem. While public facilities focus on
accessibility and specialized care, private facilities emphasize convenience and profitability.
Both are shaped by Saudi laws and regulations, which ensure quality, safety, and alignment with
national health goals. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for advancing healthcare delivery
in line with Vision 2030.
References
Alkhamis, A. (2012). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An overview. Journal of Public Health
Research, 1(2), 83-88.
Alshammari, M. (2020). Public-private partnerships in Saudi Arabia’s healthcare sector:
Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 35(4),
940-952.
Almalki, M., FitzGerald, G., & Clark, M. (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: An
overview. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 17(10), 784-793.This article provides an indepth analysis of the Saudi healthcare system, including the roles of public and private sectors,
and highlights the challenges and opportunities for improvement
Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI). (2023). Accreditation
Standards for Healthcare Facilities. Retrieved from

Replay 3: AMAL ALSHEHRI -Emerging Healthcare Realities in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative
Exploration of Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital and Bugshan Hospital
Emerging Healthcare Realities in Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Exploration of Prince
Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital and Bugshan Hospital
Saudi Arabia’s evolving healthcare landscape is guided by strategic reforms aimed at improving
accessibility, integrating advanced technologies, and fostering partnerships between the public
and private sectors (Fahad Alqusumi, 2024). In this context, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz
Hospital (a government-operated institution in Riyadh) and Bugshan Hospital (a private facility
in Jeddah) represent two distinct operational frameworks that cater to different patient
populations. This discussion contrasts their structures, service offerings, and long-term visions,
while also examining how regulations shape each hospital’s routine activities and strategic
orientation.
Institutional Frameworks
Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital functions under direct governmental oversight, with
its financial and administrative decisions tied to national health objectives (Iqbal et al., 2022).
Typically, such public hospitals receive budgetary support to deliver core medical services at
minimal or no charge to Saudi nationals. Although the exact bed capacity fluctuates, the hospital
is recognized for accommodating a wide range of clinical needs, including emergency care,
preventive services, and specialized inpatient treatments.
In contrast, Bugshan Hospital operates on a privatized model that hinges on profitability, marketbased strategies, and insurance collaborations (Bugshan Financial Report, 2023). While it also
offers standard care emergency admissions, internal medicine, obstetrics its focus often lies in
niche specialties and value-added services, aimed at patients seeking expedited treatments and
more personalized healthcare experiences. Consequently, the hospital invests in up-to-date
infrastructures, advanced medical tools, and brand recognition to remain competitive in Jeddah’s
private medical sector.
Service Range and Missions
Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital’s principal mandate is to support the healthcare needs
of both local citizens and referred patients from nearby regions. It provides a broad spectrum of
interventions, including vaccination campaigns, chronic disease management, and rehabilitative
programs (Fahad Alqusumi, 2024). Alongside direct patient care, the facility may participate in
research initiatives and residency programs under the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties
(SCFHS), thus serving as a training ground for emerging healthcare professionals.
Bugshan Hospital primarily tailors its offerings to consumers looking for specialized treatment
pathways. Because private hospitals in Saudi Arabia often collaborate with international medical
entities, Bugshan Hospital may incorporate cutting-edge surgical methods or novel therapeutic
interventions (Assessment of Nurse Managers’ Competencies, 2021). Its approach is typically
driven by patient satisfaction metrics and strategic partnerships with insurance providers, which
are regulated by the Council of Cooperative Health Insurance (CCHI).

Regulatory Structures and Vision 2030
The broader Saudi legal framework impacts both institutions but in varying ways. Prince
Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, as part of the public sector, must operate within Ministry of
Health guidelines that include infection control protocols, mandatory national accreditation, and
adherence to government-set objectives for public welfare (National Guide Auditors Infection
Control, 2022). Funding allocations also reflect Saudi Vision 2030’s emphasis on modernizing
healthcare infrastructure, promoting telemedicine, and encouraging public-private partnerships to
alleviate the public sector’s financial load.
Bugshan Hospital experiences these regulations through a blend of private compliance
requirements. It must meet SCFHS credentialing standards for clinical staff while sustaining
CCHI-approved insurance programs that regulate costs and coverage benefits. Given Vision
2030’s objective to expand the role of private entities in the health sector, Bugshan Hospital
stands positioned to leverage new policy incentives, such as easier licensing for specialized
clinics or collaboration with governmental bodies on pilot healthcare innovations (Iqbal et al.,
2022).
Shared Focus on Quality
Despite their differing ownership models, both hospitals are committed to patient safety, staff
development, and the adoption of electronic health records. Digital transformation remains a
cornerstone in Saudi Arabia’s national modernization drive, ensuring better data management
and efficient care coordination across public and private facilities (Fahad Alqusumi, 2024).
Furthermore, accreditation standards provide a unifying benchmark, incentivizing each
organization to implement robust protocols for quality control and infection prevention.
Conclusion
Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital and Bugshan Hospital exemplify the complementary
roles that public and private healthcare institutions play within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
While the former is primarily dedicated to wide-scale service provision under government
auspices, the latter focuses on market-driven growth and specialized care. Both, however, anchor
their operations in national health regulations and guidelines set forth by bodies like the SCFHS
and CCHI. As the country continues its quest to enhance healthcare delivery through policy
reforms and innovative partnerships, these facilities stand as prime examples of how diverse
organizational approaches can align with overarching national priorities.
References
Assessment of Nurse Managers’ Competencies in Private and Public Hospitals in Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia. (2021).
_public_hospitals_in_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia/links/60a85233a6fdcc6d62663dd8/Assessmen
t-of-nurse-managers-competencies-in-private-and-public-hospitals-in-Kingdom-of-SaudiArabia.pdf

Bugshan Financial Report. (2023).
Fahad Alqusumi. (2024). Transforming Healthcare in Saudi Arabia through Strategic Planning
and Innovation. International Journal of Integrated Science and Technology, 2(2).

Iqbal, M., Feroz, A. S., Siddeeg, K., Gholbzouri, K., Al-Raiby, J., Hemachandra, N., Saleem, S.,
& Siddiqi, S. (2022). Engagement of private healthcare sector in reproductive, maternal,
newborn, child and adolescent health in selected Eastern Mediterranean countries. Eastern
Mediterranean Health Journal, 28(9).
National Guide Auditors Infection Control. (2022). Ministry of Health.

ECOM-500: Business and IT
Module 05: Discussion
Discussion
1. Discuss the current state of cybercrime and how this concerns you as a business manager.
2. Discuss why frameworks, standards, and models are an important part of a business
manager’s cybersecurity program. Can these keep an organization safe?
Discuss the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your textbooks and cite any
other sources if appropriate.
Your initial post should address all components of the question with a 500 word limit.
Reply to at least two discussion posts with comments that further and advance the discussion
topic.

MGT-672: Decision Theory within the Glo

Decisions, Control and Ethics
Ethical decision-making on a global scale is crucial for multinational corporations.
•

Discuss how strategic evaluation, the control process, and contingency strategies can be
utilized to ensure ethical practices across borders?

•

Discuss your insights and examples to illustrate the importance of ethical decision-making
in a global context.

Directions:
•

Discuss the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your textbooks and
cite any other sources if appropriate.

•

Your initial post should address all components of the question with a 500 word limit.

•

Reply to at least two discussion posts with comments that further and advance the
discussion topic.

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