Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present
First Edition
Chapter 40
Shakers
1774 – 1900
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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M. Reforms
Industrial Revolution & consumer demand produce innumerable poorly designed & constructed goods
No suitable design language for machine, so fashion, historicism, sentimentalism, consumers drive designs
After Great Exhibition of 1851, reform movement begins
Little headway against rampant revivalism, eclecticism until end of century
Schools, reform groups & movements, writers, design companies, practitioners
Equate moralism & design, condemn conspicuous consumption, materialism, bad taste
Reform movement for home to counter perceived negative effects of industrialization
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Shakers
The Shakers, or the United Society of Believers in the First and Second Appearance of Christ, largest & best known 19th-century communal utopian society in America
Shakers’ simple lives revolve around worship, community, & work
Architecture, interiors, furniture reflect belief system & worldview
Minimal ornament; simple forms from function or utility; perfected proportions; excellent craftsmanship
Communal, labor-focused lifestyles
Anticipate aspects of Modernism of the 20th century.
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40.1
“Shakers, a Quaker sect, performing their distinctive, trembling, religious dance;” Currier and Ives.
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Concepts
Doctrines shape material culture
Separation from world; communal living; lives centered on worship & work; equality between sexes
Isolate in villages; communities advertise lifestyles
Order, uniformity, consistency drive daily life
Labor, a positive force, equates with worship
Buildings, interiors, furniture planned for work, division of labor, celibacy, community, unified purpose
Economy, efficiency, function important design principles & guidelines for beauty
Innovators in labor-saving devices, freely share with world
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40.2
Motifs and Architectural Details: Wooden boxes, mid-to-late 19th century; and door and window details, Kentucky. Shaker.
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Architecture
Neatness, efficiency, function, & easy maintenance over fashion or style
Plain forms, refined proportions, beauty in materials
Similar appearance among communities, differences from location, materials, size, member backgrounds
Symmetry, efficient planning support life styles
Double entrances reflect gender separation
Communities: meeting houses, dwelling houses for families, support buildings—barns, laundries, workshops
Innovations: dwellings for many people & adapting form & construction of meeting houses to community needs
Remodel, renovate to meet changing community needs
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40.3
Meetinghouse, Canterbury Shaker Village, 1792; New Hampshire; Moses Johnson. Shaker.
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Long Description:
The simple, two-story, gambrel-roofed meetinghouse has a two-and-half-story, 3-bay building, gambrel roof, and two tall end chimneys. There are two entrances on the main facade on the gable roof to the right side. The building has white clapboard, and the simple paneled doors feature crown molding. Simple molding surrounds the light windows on the main facade, one on either side of the two doorways and one on the central bay. Those windows are on the side, on the first and second floors.
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40.4
Village area, Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village 1884; New Gloucester, Maine. Shaker.
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40.5a
Family Dwelling House, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, 1820s-1850s; Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Micajah Burnett. Shaker.
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Long Description:
The house has a center axis that emphasizes symmetry with double entrance doors. A facade has plain brick that has slender proportions that reflect the federal style, and rectangular double-hung sash windows. A roof is side-gabled and has a chimney on the end.
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40.5b
Family Dwelling Houses, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, 1820s–1850s; Harrodsburg, Kentucky; Micajah Burnett. Shaker.
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Long Description:
A house has a facade with two wide doors. The two-story has six bays with two windows per story per bay; the first-floor windows have sixteen-over-twelve sash windows, while those of the second floor are twelve-over-twelve. The lintels are single stone blocks cut from a different limestone connecting the two front stone chimneys, where the roof changes pitch, is a roof edge behind an off-center. The ell behind the front pavilion is the same height but is narrower by two bays.
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40.5c (1 of 2)
Family Dwelling House hall and stair hall, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, 1820s–1850s; Harrodsburg, Kentucky; Micajah Burnett. Shaker.
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40.5c (2 of 2)
Family Dwelling House sleeping room and kitchen, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, 1820s–1850s; Harrodsburg, Kentucky; Micajah Burnett. Shaker.
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40.6
Floor plans, Shaker Centre Family Dwelling House, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, 1820s–1850s; Harrodsburg, Kentucky; Micajah Burnett. Shaker.
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Interiors
Uniformity, simplicity, function, ease of maintenance in materials & furnishings
White plaster walls, brightly colored trim, built-in storage, wood strips with pegs for hanging; cast iron stove
Built-ins & peg rails distinctive design legacy
Limited storage of built-ins encourages sharing, discourages accumulating possessions
Few furnishings, a mix of Shaker-made & pieces brought by new converts.
Millennial Laws define room furnishings for uniformity & specify rules for placement
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40.7
Meeting Room, Family Dwelling House, 1824; New Lebanon, New York; Moses Johnson. Shaker.
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Furnishings & Decorative Arts
Furniture also reflects belief system & supports lifestyle
Beauty from materials, form, silhouette, function
Simplicity reflects Shakers themselves
Practical, easy to clean & maintain
Well made, careful proportions, honest construction & use of materials
No worldly ornament
Furniture uniform in appearance & distribution among members
New forms for work requirements or technology changes
In 1870s, begin selling furniture outside communities
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40.8
Dwelling room with storage wall, Family Dwelling House, 1841-1846; originally from Enfield, New Hampshire. Shaker.
[Courtesy Winterthur Museum.]
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40.9
Rocking chair, early to late 19th century. Shaker.
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40.10
Candlestand, Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, early 19th century; Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Shaker.
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40.11
Interior with bed, early to late 19th century. Shaker.
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40.12
Chest of drawers, early to late 19th century.
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40.13
Decorative Arts: Shaker gift drawings, 1860; Hannah Cohoon. Shaker.
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