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DB-Globalization and the Foundations of Trade in Economic Perspective

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Globalization and the Foundations of Trade in Economic Perspective

What do you know about Globalization?

Consider what you learned from the lecture and readings this week and discuss how economic interdependence has affected Saudi Arabia. Is it good or bad? Expand your thinking to additionally discuss the relationship between Saudi Vision 2030 and international competitiveness. 

Directions:

Discuss      the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your      textbooks and cite any other sources if appropriate. 

Readings

Required: 

Chapter 1 in International Economics

Saudi Vision 2030 Document. (2017). Retrieved from  

  • Recommended: 

Chapter 1 PowerPoint slides – International Economics

Altman, S.A. & Bastian, P. (2021).  The state of globalization in 2021.  Harvard Business Review Digital  Articles, 1-9.   

Globalization and the Foundations of Trade in Economic Perspective
What do you know about Globalization?
Consider what you learned from the lecture and readings this week and discuss how
economic interdependence has affected Saudi Arabia. Is it good or bad? Expand your
thinking to additionally discuss the relationship between Saudi Vision 2030 and international
competitiveness.
Directions:
• Discuss the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your
textbooks and cite any other sources if appropriate.
• Your initial post should address all components of the question with a 500 word
limit.
Readings
Required:
Chapter 1 in International Economics
Saudi Arabia Oil & Gas Report. (Q1 2021). Fitch Solutions Country Industry Reports , 1-84.
Saudi Vision 2030 Document. (2017). Retrieved
from
Recommended:
Chapter 1 PowerPoint slides – International Economics
Altman, S.A. & Bastian, P. (2021). The state of globalization in 2021. Harvard Business Review
Digital Articles, 19.
150
120
90
A RCTIC
OCEAN
60
30
30
0
A RCTIC
OCEAN
Greenland
(DENMARK)
NORWAY
ICELAND
U.S.
SWEDEN FIN
60
CANADA
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM DENMARK
NETH.
IRELAND
SLOVAKIA
HUNGARY
NORTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
NORTH
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
UNITED STATES
EST
LITH.
POLAND
GERMANY CZECH RE
SWITZ. AUSTRIA
FRANCE
RO
ITALY
B
PORTUGAL SPAIN
GREEC
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
30
ALGERIA
MEXICO
CUBA
MAURITANIA
BELIZE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
COSTA RICA
PANAMA
MALI
NIGER
CHAD
BURKINA
FASO
GUINEA-BISSAU
NIGERIA
GUINEA
BENIN
CÔTE
CENTR
SIERRA LEONE D’IVOIRE TOGO
AFRICAN RE
LIBERIA
GHANA
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EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
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DEMOC
SENEGAL
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA GUYANA
0
LIBYA
WESTERN
SAHARA
SURINAME
French Guiana
(FRANCE)
ECUADOR

REP. OF THE CONGO
PERU
BRAZIL
SOUTH
ATLANTIC
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BOLIVIA
REPU
OF THE
ANGOLA
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BOTS
PARAGUAY
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SOUT
AFRIC
30
URUGUAY
SOUTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ARGENTINA
60
ANTARCTICA
150
120
90
60
30
0
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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30
0
30
60
90
120
150
A RCTIC
OCEAN
A RCTIC
OCEAN
180
NORWAY
SWEDEN FINLAND
TED
DOM DENMARK
NETH.
RUSSIA
60
EST.
LAT.
LITH.
POLAND BELARUS
GERMANY CZECH REP. UKRAINE
SWITZ. AUSTRIA
ROMANIA
RANCE
ITALY
PAIN
TUNISIA
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LIBYA
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UZBEKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
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TURKMENISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
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LEB.
IRAQ
IRAN
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NEPAL
PAKISTAN
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ALGERIA
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AZERBAIJAN
BULGARIA GEORGIA
EGYPT
SAUDI
ARABIA
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
OMAN
NORTH KOREA
CHINA
ANGOLA
30
BANGLADESH
INDIA
BURMA LAOS
MOZAMBIQUE
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
THAILAND
VIETNAM
CAMBODIA
SRI
LANKA
MALDIVES
PHILIPPINES
FEDERATED STATES
OF MICRONESIA
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
BRUNEI
MALAYSIA
SINGAPORE
0
INDONESIA
PAPUA
NEW GUINEA
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
INDIAN
OCEAN
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
NORTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
JAPAN
BHUTAN
NIGER
CHAD
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URKINA
SUDAN
FASO
NIGERIA
DJIBOUTI
BENIN
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AFRICAN REPUBLIC
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30
LESOTHO
NEW
ZEALAND
SOUTH
PACIFIC
OCEAN
60
ANTARCTICA
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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International Economics
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
R O B E R T J. CA R BAU G H
Professor of Economics, Central Washington University
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
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International Economics,
­Seventeenth edition
Robert J. Carbaugh
Senior Vice President, Higher Ed
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Brief Contents
preface ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xii
about the author ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi
chapter 1
The International Economy and Globalization ����������������������������� 1
PART 1
International Trade Relations    25
chapter 2 Foundations of Modern Trade Theory: Comparative
Advantage��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
chapter 3
Sources of Comparative Advantage �������������������������������������������� 71
chapter 4
Tariffs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
chapter 5
Nontariff Trade Barriers �������������������������������������������������������������� 157
chapter 6
Trade Regulations and Industrial Policies ��������������������������������� 189
chapter 7
Trade Policies for the Developing Nations �������������������������������� 239
chapter 8
Regional Trading Arrangements ������������������������������������������������ 277
chapter 9 International Factor Movements and Multinational
Enterprises ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 311
PART 2
International Monetary Relations    343
chapter 10
The Balance-of-Payments ����������������������������������������������������������� 345
chapter 11
Foreign Exchange ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 375
chapter 12
Exchange Rate Determination ���������������������������������������������������� 413
chapter 13 Exchange Rate Adjustments and the
Balance-of-Payments ������������������������������������������������������������������ 439
chapter 14
Exchange Rate Systems and Currency Crises �������������������������� 459
chapter 15
Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy ��������������������������� 495
glossary ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 511
index ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 529
iii
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents
Preface �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xii
About the Author ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi
CHAPTER 1
The International Economy and Globalization ���������������������������������������1
Economic Interdependence: Federal Reserve Policy
Incites Global Backlash ����������������������������������������������������������2
Globalization of Economic Activity ������������������������������������������3
Globalization Forces Kodak to Reinvent Itself ����������������� 15
Bicycle Imports Force Schwinn to Downshift ������������������� 16
Element Electronics Survives by Moving TV
­Production to America�������������������������������������������������� 17
U.S. Apple Growers Not Overly
Worried about Chinese Imports����������������4
Common Fallacies of International Trade �����������������������������17
Waves of Globalization ���������������������������������������������������������������5
First Wave of Globalization: 1870–1914����������������������������� 5
Second Wave of Globalization: 1945–1980������������������������� 6
Latest Wave of Globalization ���������������������������������������������� 7
Is International Trade an Opportunity or a
Threat to Workers?����������������������������������������������������������������19
Is the United States Losing Its
Innovation Edge?��������������������������������������18
Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines as
Movers of Globalization ���������������������������9
Has Globalization Gone Too Far? �������������������������������������������21
The United States as an Open Economy������������������������������������9
Trade Patterns����������������������������������������������������������������������� 9
Labor and Capital �������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Summary��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Why Is Globalization Important?���������������������������������������������13
The Plan of This Text �����������������������������������������������������������������23
Key Concepts and Terms ����������������������������������������������������������24
Study Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������24
Globalization and Competition������������������������������������������������15
PART 1 International Trade Relations
25
CHAPTER 2
Foundations of Modern Trade Theory: Comparative Advantage��������27
Historical Development of Modern Trade Theory ����������������27
The Mercantilists ���������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Why Nations Trade: Absolute Advantage ������������������������ 28
Adam Smith and David Ricardo��������������30
Why Nations Trade: Comparative Advantage ���������������� 31
Production Possibilities Frontiers���������������������������������������������33
Trading under Constant-Cost Conditions������������������������������35
Basis for Trade and Direction of Trade����������������������������� 35
Production Gains from Specialization ������������������������������ 35
Babe Ruth and the Principle of
Comparative Advantage��������������������������37
Consumption Gains from Trade ��������������������������������������� 38
Distributing the Gains from Trade ����������������������������������� 39
Equilibrium Terms of Trade ���������������������������������������������� 40
Terms of Trade Estimates��������������������������������������������������� 41
Dynamic Gains from Trade: Economic Growth��������������������42
Changing Comparative Advantage������������������������������������������43
Natural Gas Boom Fuels Debate ������������45
Trading under Increasing-Cost Conditions ���������������������������46
Increasing-Cost Trading Case ������������������������������������������� 47
Partial Specialization ��������������������������������������������������������� 49
The Impact of Trade on Jobs ����������������������������������������������������49
Wooster, Ohio Bears the Brunt of Globalization �������������������50
Comparative Advantage Extended to Many
Products and Countries �������������������������������������������������������51
More Than Two Products �������������������������������������������������� 52
More Than Two Countries ������������������������������������������������ 52
Factor Mobility, Exit Barriers, and Trade �������������������������������53
Empirical Evidence on Comparative Advantage �������������������55
iv
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Contents
v
Can American Workers Compete with Low-Wage
Workers Abroad?����������������������������������������������������������� 56
Outsourcing Backfires for Boeing 787 Dreamliner ����������� 63
Reshoring Production to the United States������������������������ 64
The Case for Free Trade�������������������������������������������������������������58
Deindustrialization Redeploys
Workers to Growing Service Sector�������64
Comparative Advantage and Global Supply Chains��������������58
Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing ��������������� 60
Outsourcing and the U.S. Automobile Industry���������������� 61
The iPhone Economy and Global Supply Chains ������������� 61
Summary��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66
Key Concepts and Terms ����������������������������������������������������������66
Study Questions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������67
CHAPTER 3
Sources of Comparative Advantage ������������������������������������������������������71
Factor Endowments as a Source of Comparative
Advantage�������������������������������������������������������������������������������71
The Factor-Endowment Theory ����������������������������������������� 72
Visualizing the Factor-Endowment Theory ���������������������� 74
Applying the Factor-Endowment Theory to U.S.–China
Trade ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
Chinese Manufacturers Beset by Rising Wages
and a Rising Yuan��������������������������������������������������������� 76
Does Trade with China Take Away
Blue-Collar American Jobs?������������������������������������������ 77
Factor-Price Equalization �������������������������������������������������� 78
Globalization Drives Changes
for U.S. Automakers��������������������������������79
Who Gains and Loses from Trade?
The Stolper–Samuelson Theorem �������������������������������� 82
Is International Trade a Substitute for Migration?���������� 83
Specific-Factors Theory: Trade and the Distribution
of Income ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 84
Does Trade Make the Poor Even Poorer? ������������������������� 86
Is International Trade Responsible for the Loss
of ­American Manufacturing Jobs? How about
Robots Instead?����������������������������������������������������������������������88
Is the Factor-Endowment Theory a Good Predictor
of Trade Patterns? The Leontief Paradox ��������������������������89
Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage �����������������90
Internal Economies of Scale ����������������������������������������������� 90
External Economies of Scale����������������������������������������������� 91
Does a “Flat World” Make Ricardo
Wrong?������������������������������������������������������93
Overlapping Demands as a Basis for Trade ����������������������������93
Intra-industry Trade ������������������������������������������������������������������94
Technology as a Source of Comparative Advantage:
The Product Cycle Theory ���������������������������������������������������97
Radios, Pocket Calculators, and the International
Product Cycle����������������������������������������������������������������� 98
Japan Fades in the Electronics Industry���������������������������� 99
Dynamic Comparative Advantage: Industrial Policy��������� 100
World Trade Organization Rules That Illegal
Government Subsidies Support Boeing and Airbus ����� 102
Government Regulatory Policies and Comparative
Advantage���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 103
Do Labor Unions Stifle
Competitiveness? ����������������������������������103
Transportation Costs and Comparative Advantage������������ 105
Trade Effects���������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
Falling Transportation Costs Foster Trade �������������������� 107
How Containers Revolutionized the
World of Shipping�������������������������������������������������������� 108
The Port of Prince Rupert: Shifting Competitiveness
in Shipping Routes������������������������������������������������������� 109
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 110
Key Concepts and Terms ������������������������������������������������������� 111
Study Questions ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 111
CHAPTER 4
Tariffs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������113
The Tariff Concept������������������������������������������������������������������� 114
Types of Tariffs ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 115
Specific Tariff��������������������������������������������������������������������� 115
Ad Valorem Tariff������������������������������������������������������������� 116
Compound Tariff ������������������������������������������������������������� 116
Trade Protectionism Intensifies
as Global Economy Falls into the
Great Recession��������������������������������������117
Effective Rate of Protection����������������������������������������������������� 118
Tariff Escalation ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 120
Outsourcing and Offshore Assembly Provision������������������ 121
Dodging Import Tariffs: Tariff Avoidance and Tariff
Evasion �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122
Ford Strips Its Wagons to Avoid a High Tariff��������������� 122
Smuggled Steel Evades U.S. Tariffs ��������������������������������� 123
Postponing Import Tariffs������������������������������������������������������ 123
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Gains from Eliminating Import
Tariffs�������������������������������������������������������124
Bonded Warehouse����������������������������������������������������������� 124
Foreign-Trade Zone���������������������������������������������������������� 125
FTZs Benefit Motor Vehicle Importers���������������������������� 126
Tariff Effects: An Overview����������������������������������������������������� 126
Tariff Welfare Effects: Consumer Surplus and ­
Producer Surplus……………………………………………………….. 127
Tariff Welfare Effects: Small-Nation Model…………………….. 129
Tariff Welfare Effects: Large-Nation Model…………………….. 131
Donald Trump’s Border Tax: How to Pay
for the Wall…………………………………………………………. 134
The Optimal Tariff and Retaliation……………………………. 135
Examples of U.S. Tariffs………………………………………………….. 135
Obama’s Tariffs on Chinese Tires………………………………. 135
Should Footwear Tariffs Be Given the Boot?……………….. 137
Could a Higher Tariff Put a Dent
in the Federal Debt?…………………………..138
How a Tariff Burdens Exporters……………………………………… 138
Tariffs and the Poor: Regressive Tariffs…………………………… 140
Arguments for Trade Restrictions…………………………………… 142
Job Protection…………………………………………………………… 143
Protection against Cheap Foreign Labor…………………….. 143
Fairness in Trade: A Level Playing Field…………………….. 145
Maintenance of the Domestic Standard of Living………… 146
Equalization of Production Costs……………………………….. 146
Infant-Industry Argument…………………………………………. 147
Noneconomic Arguments………………………………………….. 147
Would a Tariff Wall Really Protect U.S. Jobs?…………………. 148
Petition of the Candle Makers…………….149
The Political Economy of Protectionism…………………………. 150
A Supply and Demand View of Protectionism…………….. 151
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 152
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 153
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 154
CHAPTER 5
Nontariff Trade Barriers�������������������������������������������������������������������������157
Absolute Import Quota ………………………………………………….. 157
Trade and Welfare Effects…………………………………………. 158
Allocating Quota Licenses…………………………………………. 160
Quotas versus Tariffs………………………………………………… 161
Whirlpool Agitates for Antidumping Tariffs on Clothes
Washers………………………………………………………………. 175
Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Company: Furniture
Dumping from China…………………………………………… 177
Tariff-Rate Quota: A Two-Tier Tariff……………………………… 162
Tariff-Rate Quota Bittersweet for Sugar Consumers……. 164
Is Antidumping Law Unfair?…………………………………………… 178
Should Average Variable Cost Be the Yardstick
for Defining Dumping?…………………………………………. 178
Should Antidumping Law Reflect Currency
Fluctuations?……………………………………………………….. 179
Are Antidumping Duties Overused?…………………………… 179
Export Quotas…………………………………………………………………. 164
Japanese Auto Restraints Put Brakes on
U.S. Motorists……………………………………………………… 165
Domestic Content Requirements……………………………………. 166
How American Is Your Car?……………….168
Other Nontariff Trade Barriers……………………………………….. 180
Government Procurement Policies: “Buy American”…… 180
Subsidies…………………………………………………………………………. 168
Domestic Production Subsidy…………………………………….. 169
Export Subsidy………………………………………………………….. 170
U.S. Fiscal Stimulus and Buy
American Legislation…………………………182
Dumping………………………………………………………………………… 171
Forms of Dumping……………………………………………………. 171
International Price Discrimination……………………………. 172
Social Regulations…………………………………………………….. 182
CAFE Standards……………………………………………………….. 182
Europe Has a Cow over Hormone-Treated U.S. Beef…… 183
Sea Transport and Freight Regulations………………………. 184
Avoiding Antidumping Duties:
U.S.–Mexico Sugar Agreement…………..174
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 185
Antidumping Regulations……………………………………………….. 174
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 186
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 185
CHAPTER 6
Trade Regulations and Industrial Policies��������������������������������������������189
U.S. Tariff Policies Before 1930……………………………………….. 189
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act…………………………………… 192
Smoot–Hawley Act…………………………………………………………. 191
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade………………………… 193
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Trade without Discrimination…………………………………… 193
Promoting Freer Trade……………………………………………… 194
Predictability: Through Binding and Transparency…….. 194
Multilateral Trade Negotiations………………………………… 195
Avoiding Trade Barriers during the
Great Recession…………………………………197
World Trade Organization……………………………………………… 198
Settling Trade Disputes……………………………………………… 198
Does the WTO Reduce National Sovereignty?…………….. 201
Does the WTO Harm the Environment?…………………….. 201
Harming the Environment………………………………………… 202
Improving the Environment………………………………………. 203
WTO Rules against China’s Hoarding of Rare
Earth Metals……………………………………………………….. 203
Future of the World Trade Organization……………………. 205
Trade Promotion Authority (Fast Track Authority)……….. 206
Safeguards (The Escape Clause): Emergency ­Protection
from Imports……………………………………………………………… 206
U.S. Safeguards Limit Surging Imports of Textiles
from China………………………………………………………….. 208
Countervailing Duties: Protection against Foreign
Export Subsidies………………………………………………………… 209
Countervailing Duties: Trade Disputes between
Canada and the United States………………………………. 209
Would a Carbon Tariff Help Solve
the Climate Problem?………………………..211
Antidumping Duties: Protection against Foreign
Dumping……………………………………………………………………. 212
Remedies against Dumped and Subsidized Imports…….. 213
vii
U.S. Steel Companies Lose an Unfair Trade Case
and Still Win……………………………………………………….. 215
Section 301: Protection against Unfair Trading
Practices…………………………………………………………………….. 216
Protection of Intellectual Property Rights……………………….. 217
China’s Piracy of Software…………………………………………. 218
Trade Adjustment Assistance………………………………………….. 219
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers, Firms,
Farmers, and Fishermen………………………………………. 220
Is Trade Adjustment Assistance Necessary?………………… 221
United States Lifts Its Restrictions
on Oil Exports……………………………………222
Industrial Policies of the United States……………………………. 223
The Export-Import Bank……………………………………………. 224
U.S. Airlines and Boeing Spar over Export-Import
Bank Credit…………………………………………………………. 226
U.S. Solar Industry Dims as China’s Industrial Policy
Lights Up…………………………………………………………….. 227
Carrier Inc. Agrees to Keep Jobs in Indiana………………… 228
Strategic Trade Policy……………………………………………………… 228
Economic Sanctions………………………………………………………… 230
Factors Influencing the Success of Sanctions……………….. 231
Sanctions and Nuclear Weapons: Iran and
North Korea………………………………………………………… 233
Russia Hit by Sanctions over Ukraine………………………… 235
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 236
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 237
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 237
CHAPTER 7
Trade Policies for the Developing Nations�������������������������������������������239
Developing Nation Trade Characteristics……………………….. 240
Tensions between Developing Nations
and Advanced Nations………………………………………………. 241
Multilateral Contracts………………………………………………. 251
Does the Fair Trade Movement Help Poor
Coffee Farmers?…………………………………………………… 251
Trade Problems of the Developing Nations…………………….. 241
Unstable Export Markets…………………………………………… 242
Falling Commodity Prices Threaten Growth of
Exporting Nations……………………………………………….. 243
Worsening Terms of Trade………………………………………… 244
The OPEC Oil Cartel………………………………………………………. 252
Maximizing Cartel Profits…………………………………………. 253
Does Foreign Direct Investment
Hinder or Help Economic
Development?……………………………………245
Aiding the Developing Nations……………………………………….. 256
The World Bank……………………………………………………….. 257
International Monetary Fund……………………………………. 258
Generalized System of Preferences……………………………… 259
Does Aid Promote Growth of Developing Nations?……… 260
Limited Market Access………………………………………………. 246
Agricultural Export Subsidies of Advanced Nations…….. 247
Bangladesh’s Sweatshop Reputation…………………………… 248
Stabilizing Primary-Product Prices…………………………………. 249
Production and Export Controls………………………………… 249
Buffer Stocks…………………………………………………………….. 250
Declining Oil Prices Test OPEC’s
Unity…………………………………………………255
OPEC as a Cartel……………………………………………………… 255
Economic Growth Strategies: Import Substitution
versus Export-Led Growth…………………………………………. 260
Import Substitution…………………………………………………… 261
Import Substitution Laws Backfire on Brazil………………. 262
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Export-Led Growth…………………………………………………… 262
Is Economic Growth Good for the Poor?……………………… 263
Can All Developing Nations Achieve
Export-Led Growth?…………………………………………….. 264
East Asian Economies……………………………………………………… 264
Flying Geese Pattern of Growth………………………………….. 265
Is State Capitalism Winning?……………..266
China’s Great Leap Forward……………………………………………. 267
Challenges and Concerns for China’s Economy…………… 268
China’s Export Boom Comes at a Cost: How to
Make Factories Play Fair……………………………………… 272
India: Breaking Out of the Third World………………………….. 273
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 275
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 275
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 276
CHAPTER 8
Regional Trading Arrangements�����������������������������������������������������������277
Regional Integration versus Multilateralism……………………. 277
Types of Regional Trading Arrangements………………………. 279
Impetus for Regionalism…………………………………………………. 280
Effects of a Regional Trading Arrangement…………………….. 281
Static Effects……………………………………………………………… 281
Dynamic Effects………………………………………………………… 283
The European Union………………………………………………………. 284
Pursuing Economic Integration………………………………….. 284
Agricultural Policy……………………………………………………. 286
Is the European Union Really a Common Market?……… 288
Britain Announces Withdrawal from the European
Union (Brexit)…………………………………………………….. 289
Economic Costs and Benefits of a Common Currency:
The European Monetary Union…………………………………. 292
Optimal Currency Area…………………………………………….. 293
European Monetary “Disunion”…………294
Eurozone’s Problems and Challenges………………………….. 294
Greece and the Eurozone…………………………………………… 296
Deflation and the Eurozone………………………………………. 297
North American Free Trade Agreement………………………….. 298
NAFTA’s Benefits and Costs for Mexico and Canada….. 299
NAFTA’s Benefits and Costs for the United States………. 299
Modernizing NAFTA………………………………………………… 301
Free Trade Agreements Bolster
Mexico’s Competitiveness…………………302
U.S.–Mexico Trucking Dispute………………………………….. 303
U.S.–Mexico Tomato Dispute……………………………………. 304
Is NAFTA an Optimal Currency Area?………………………. 305
A Trans-Pacific Partnership?………………306
A U.S.–China Free Trade Agreement?…307
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 308
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 308
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 309
CHAPTER 9
International Factor Movements and Multinational Enterprises�������311
The Multinational Enterprise………………………………………….. 311
Motives for Foreign Direct Investment……………………………. 313
Demand Factors……………………………………………………….. 314
Cost Factors……………………………………………………………… 314
Supplying Products to Foreign Buyers:
Whether to Produce Domestically or Abroad……………. 315
Direct Exporting versus Foreign Direct Investment/
Licensing…………………………………………………………….. 316
Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing………………… 317
Country Risk Analysis…………………………………………………….. 318
International Joint Ventures……………………………………………. 323
Welfare Effects………………………………………………………….. 324
Multinational Enterprises as a Source of Conflict……………. 326
Employment…………………………………………………………….. 326
Caterpillar Bulldozes Canadian Locomotive Workers…. 327
Technology Transfer…………………………………………………. 328
National Sovereignty…………………………………………………. 330
Balance-of-Payments………………………………………………… 331
Transfer Pricing………………………………………………………… 331
Do U.S. Multinationals Exploit
­Foreign Workers?………………………………319
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017:
Apple Plans to Build a New U.S.
Campus…………………………………………….332
International Trade Theory and Multinational
Enterprise………………………………………………………………….. 321
Foreign Auto Assembly Plants in the United States………… 321
International Labor Mobility: Migration…………………………. 333
The Effects of Migration…………………………………………….. 334
Immigration as an Issue……………………………………………. 336
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ix
Does Canada’s Immigration Policy Provide a Model
for the United States?…………………………………………… 338
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 340
Does U.S. Immigration Policy Harm
Domestic Workers?……………………………340
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 341
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 341
PART 2 International Monetary Relations
343
CHAPTER 10
The Balance-of-Payments����������������������������������������������������������������������345
Double Entry Accounting……………………………………………….. 345
Balance-of-Payments Structure……………………………………….. 347
Current Account……………………………………………………….. 347
International Payments Process……….. 348
Capital and Financial Account………………………………….. 349
Special Drawing Rights……………………………………………… 351
Statistical Discrepancy: Errors and Omissions…………….. 352
U.S. Balance-of-Payments……………………………………………….. 352
What Does a Current Account Deficit (Surplus) Mean?….. 354
Net Foreign Investment and the Current Account
Balance……………………………………………………………….. 355
Impact of Capital Flows on the Current Account………… 356
Is Trump’s Trade Doctrine Misguided?………………………. 357
The iPhone’s Complex Supply Chain
Depicts Limitations of Trade
Statistics…………………………………………..358
Is a Current Account Deficit a Problem?…………………….. 359
Business Cycles, Economic Growth, and the Current
Account………………………………………………………………. 360
How the United States Has Borrowed at
Very Low Cost……………………………………………………… 361
Do Current Account Deficits Cost
Americans Jobs?…………………………………………………… 362
Can the United States Continue to Run Current
Account Deficits Indefinitely?……………………………….. 363
Balance of International Indebtedness…………………………….. 365
United States as a Debtor Nation………………………………. 366
Global Imbalances……………………………..366
The Dollar as the World’s Reserve Currency…………………… 367
Benefits to the United States………………………………………. 368
Will the Special Drawing Right or the Yuan Become
a Reserve Currency?……………………………………………… 368
Will Cryptocurrencies Lower the Dollar’s Status
as a World Reserve Currency?………………………………. 370
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 371
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 372
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 372
CHAPTER 11
Foreign Exchange�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������375
Foreign Exchange Market……………………………………………….. 375
Foreign Currency Trading Becomes Automated…………….. 377
Types of Foreign Exchange Transactions………………………… 379
Interbank Trading…………………………………………………………… 380
Reading Foreign Exchange Quotations……………………………. 382
Yen Depreciation Drives Toyota
Profits Upward………………………………….385
Forward and Futures Markets…………………………………………. 385
Foreign Currency Options………………………………………………. 387
Exchange Rate Determination…………………………………………. 388
Demand for Foreign Exchange…………………………………… 388
Supply of Foreign Exchange……………………………………….. 388
Equilibrium Rate of Exchange……………………………………. 389
Indexes of the Foreign Exchange Value
of the Dollar: Nominal and Real Exchange Rates……….. 390
Arbitrage………………………………………………………………….. 392
The Forward Market……………………………………………………….. 393
The Forward Rate……………………………………………………… 394
Relation between the Forward Rate and the Spot Rate… 395
Managing Your Foreign Exchange Risk: Forward
Foreign Exchange Contract…………………………………… 396
Case 1………………………………………………………………………. 397
Case 2………………………………………………………………………. 397
How Markel, Volkswagen, and Nintendo Manage
Foreign Exchange Risk…………………………………………. 398
Does Foreign Currency Hedging Pay Off?…………………… 399
Currency Risk and the Hazards of
Investing Abroad……………………………….400
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Contents
Interest Arbitrage, Currency Risk, and Hedging……………… 401
Uncovered Interest Arbitrage…………………………………….. 401
Covered Interest Arbitrage (Reducing Currency Risk)…. 402
Foreign Exchange Market Speculation……………………………. 403
Long and Short Positions…………………………………………… 404
Andy Krieger Shorts the New Zealand Dollar……………… 404
George Soros Shorts the Pound and Yen……………………… 405
People’s Bank of China Widens Trading Band to
Punish Currency Speculators………………………………… 405
How to Play the Falling (Rising) Dollar……………………… 406
Stabilizing and Destabilizing Speculation…………………… 407
Foreign Exchange Trading as a Career……………………………. 407
Foreign Exchange Traders Hired by Commercial
Banks, Companies, and Central Banks………………….. 408
Do You Really Want to Trade Currencies?…………………. 408
Money Managers Scramble to Pull
Off Currency Carry Trades………………….409
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 410
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 411
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 411
CHAPTER 12
Exchange Rate Determination…………………………….. 413
What Determines Exchange Rates?…………………………………. 413
Determining Long-Run Exchange Rates…………………………. 415
Relative Price Levels………………………………………………….. 415
Relative Productivity Levels……………………………………….. 416
Preferences for Domestic or Foreign Goods…………………. 416
Trade Barriers………………………………………………………….. 416
Inflation Rates, Purchasing Power Parity
and Long-Run Exchange Rates…………………………………… 417
Law of One Price………………………………………………………. 418
Burgeromics: The “Big Mac” Index and the Law of One
Price……………………………………………………………………. 418
Banks Found Guilty of Foreign
Exchange Market Rigging………………….420
Purchasing-Power-Parity………………………………………….. 420
Determining Short-Run Exchange Rates: The Asset Market
Approach…………………………………………………………………… 423
Relative Levels of Interest Rates…………………………………. 424
Expected Change in the Exchange Rate………………………. 426
Diversification, Safe Havens, and Investment Flows……. 428
International Comparisons of GDP:
­Purchasing Power Parity……………………428
Exchange Rate Overshooting………………………………………….. 430
Forecasting Foreign Exchange Rates……………………………….. 431
Judgmental Forecasts………………………………………………… 432
Technical Forecasts…………………………………………………… 432
Comercial Mexicana Gets Burned
by Speculation…………………………………..434
Fundamental Analysis………………………………………………. 435
Exchange Rate Misalignment…………………………………….. 435
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 436
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 437
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 437
CHAPTER 13
Exchange Rate Adjustments and the Balance-of-Payments��������������439
Case 1: Improved Trade Balance……………………………….. 445
Case 2: Worsened Trade Balance……………………………….. 446
Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on Costs and Prices……. 439
Case 1: No Foreign Sourcing—All Costs Are
­Denominated in Dollars……………………………………….. 439
Case 2: Foreign Sourcing—Some Costs Denominated in
Dollars and Some Costs Denominated in Francs……. 440
J-Curve Effect: Time Path of Depreciation………………………. 447
Cost-Cutting Strategies of Manufacturers in Response
to Currency Appreciation………………………………………….. 442
Appreciation of the Yen: Japanese Manufacturers………. 442
Appreciation of the Dollar: U.S. Manufacturers………….. 443
Does Currency Depreciation
­Stimulate Exports?…………………………….452
Japanese Firms Send Work Abroad
as Rising Yen Makes Their Products
Less Competitive……………………………… 444
Will Currency Depreciation Reduce a Trade Deficit?
The Elasticity Approach…………………………………………….. 444
Exchange Rate Pass-Through………………………………………….. 450
Partial Exchange Rate Pass-Through………………………….. 450
The Absorption Approach to Currency Depreciation……… 453
The Monetary Approach to Currency Depreciation………… 454
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 455
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 456
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 456
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CHAPTER 14
Exchange Rate Systems and ­Currency Crises�������������������������������������459
Exchange Rate Practices………………………………………………….. 459
The Crawling Peg……………………………………………………………. 476
Choosing an Exchange Rate System: Constraints
Imposed by Free Capital Flows………………………………….. 461
Currency Manipulation and Currency Wars…………………… 477
Is China a Currency Manipulator?…………………………….. 478
Currency Crises………………………………………………………… 481
Fixed Exchange Rate System…………………………………………… 462
Use of Fixed Exchange Rates……………………………………… 462
Par Value and Official Exchange Rate……………………….. 464
Russia’s Central Bank Fails to Offset
the Ruble’s Collapse…………………………..464
Exchange Rate Stabilization………………………………………. 465
Devaluation and Revaluation……………………………………. 466
Bretton Woods System of Fixed Exchange Rates………….. 467
Floating Exchange Rates…………………………………………………. 468
Achieving Market Equilibrium………………………………….. 469
Trade Restrictions, Jobs, and Floating Exchange Rates… 470
Arguments for and against Floating Rates………………….. 471
Managed Floating Rates………………………………………………….. 471
Managed Floating Rates in the Short Run and
Long Run…………………………………………………………….. 472
Exchange Rate Stabilization and Monetary Policy………. 474
Is Exchange Rate Stabilization Effective?……………………. 476
The Global Financial Crisis
of 2007–2009……………………………………..482
Sources of Currency Crises…………………………………………. 483
Speculators Attack East Asian Currencies…………………… 485
Capital Controls……………………………………………………………… 485
Should Foreign Exchange Transactions Be Taxed?………. 486
Increasing the Credibility of Fixed Exchange Rates…………. 487
Currency Board………………………………………………………… 487
For Argentina, No Panacea in a Currency Board………… 489
Swiss Franc Soars after Exchange Rate
Anchor Scrapped……………………………….490
Dollarization……………………………………………………………. 491
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 492
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 494
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 494
CHAPTER 15
Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy……….. 495
Economic Objectives of Nations……………………………………… 495
Policy Instruments………………………………………………………….. 496
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply:
A Brief Review…………………………………………………………… 496
Monetary and Fiscal Policies in a Closed Economy…………. 497
Monetary and Fiscal Policies in an Open Economy…………. 498
Effect of Fiscal and Monetary Policies under Fixed
Exchange Rates……………………………………………………. 500
Effect of Fiscal and Monetary Policies under Floating
Exchange Rates……………………………………………………. 501
Monetary and Fiscal Policies
Respond to Financial Turmoil in
the Economy……………………………………. 502
Macroeconomic Stability and the Current Account:
Policy Agreement versus Policy Conflict……………………. 503
Inflation with Unemployment………………………………………… 503
International Economic Policy Coordination………………….. 504
Policy Coordination in Theory…………………………………… 505
Does Policy Coordination Work?……………………………….. 506
Does Crowding Occur in an Open
Economy?………………………………………….507
Summary………………………………………………………………………… 508
Key Concepts and Terms………………………………………………… 509
Study Questions………………………………………………………………. 509
Glossary ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 511
Index ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 529
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Preface
I believe the best way to motivate students to learn a subject is to demonstrate how
it is used in practice. The first sixteen editions of International Economics reflected
this belief and were written to provide a serious presentation of international economic theory with an emphasis on current applications. Adopters of these editions
strongly supported the integration of economic theory with current events.
The seventeenth edition has been revised with an eye toward improving this
presentation and updating the applications as well as including the latest theoretical
developments. Like its predecessors, this edition is intended for use in a one-quarter
or one-semester course for students having no more background than principles of
economics. This book’s strengths are its clarity, organization, and applications that
demonstrate the usefulness of theory to students. The revised and updated material
in this edition emphasizes current applications of economic theory and incorporates recent theoretical and policy developments in international trade and finance.
Here are some examples.
International Economics Themes
This edition highlights five current themes that are at the forefront of international
economics:
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GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
Is international trade an opportunity or a threat to workers?—Ch. 1
U.S. apple growers and competition from China—Ch. 1
Is international trade responsible for the loss of American jobs?—Ch. 3
Shifting competitiveness in shipping routes—Ch. 3
How containers revolutionized the world of shipping—Ch. 3
Factor mobility, exit barriers, and trade—Ch. 2
Dynamic gains from digital trade—Ch. 2
Wooster, Ohio bears brunt of globalization—Ch. 2
Comparative advantage and global supply chains—Ch. 2
Caterpillar bulldozes Canadian locomotive workers—Ch. 9
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017: Apple Plans to Build a New
Campus—Ch. 9
Diesel engines and gas turbines as engines of growth—Ch. 1
Waves of globalization—Ch. 1
Constraints imposed by capital flows on the choice of an exchange rate
system—Ch. 14
xii
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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xiii
FREE TRADE AND PROTECTIONISM
Does trade with China take away blue-collar American jobs?—Ch. 3
Would a tariff wall protect American jobs?—Ch. 4
Donald Trump’s border tax: How to pay for the wall—Ch. 4
Vaughan Basset Furniture and dumping—Ch. 5
U.S. lifts its restrictions on oil exports—Ch. 6
U.S. Export-Import Bank avoids shutdown—Ch. 6
Whirlpool agitates for antidumping tariffs on clothes washers—Ch. 5
Wage increases and China’s trade—Ch. 3
Should shoe tariffs be stomped out?—Ch. 4
Element Electronics brings TV manufacturing back to the
United States—Ch. 1
Government procurement policies and buy American—Ch. 5
Carbon tariffs—Ch. 6
Carrier agrees to keep jobs in India—Ch. 6
Lumber imports from Canada—Ch. 6
Bangladesh’s sweatshop reputation—Ch. 7
Does the principle of comparative advantage apply in the face of job
outsourcing?—Ch. 2
Trade adjustment assistance—Ch. 6
North Korea and economic sanctions—Ch. 6
Boeing outsources work, but protects its secrets—Ch. 2
WTO rules against subsidies to Boeing and Airbus—Ch. 6
Does wage insurance make free trade more acceptable to workers?—Ch. 6
China’s hoarding of rare earth metals declared illegal by WTO—Ch. 6
The environment and free trade—Ch. 6
TRADE CONFLICTS BETWEEN DEVELOPING NATIONS
AND ­INDUSTRIAL NATIONS
Russia hit by sanctions over Ukraine—Ch. 6
U.S. economic sanctions and Iran—Ch. 6
Declining oil prices test OPEC—Ch. 7
China’s economic challenges U.S.–Mexico tomato dispute—Ch. 8
Is state capitalism winning?—Ch. 7
Canada’s immigration policy—Ch. 9
Is international trade a substitute for migration?—Ch. 3
Economic growth strategies: Import substitution versus export-led
growth—Ch. 7
Does foreign aid promote the growth of developing countries?—Ch. 7
The globalization of intellectual property rights—Ch. 7
Microsoft scorns China’s piracy of software—Ch. 6
China’s export boom comes at a cost: How to make factories play fair—Ch. 7
Do U.S. multinationals exploit foreign workers?—Ch. 9
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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xiv
Preface
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LIBERALIZING TRADE: THE WTO VERSUS REGIONAL TRADING
ARRANGEMENTS
Modernizing NAFTA—Ch. 8
Brexit and the Eurozone—Ch. 8
Free-trade agreements bolster Mexico—Ch. 8
Deflation and the Eurozone—Ch. 8
Does the WTO reduce national sovereignty?—Ch. 6
Regional integration versus multilateralism—Ch. 8
Will the euro survive?—Ch. 8
TURBULENCE IN THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Foreign currency trading becomes automated—Ch. 11
Is Trump’s trade doctrine misguided?—Ch. 10
Germany’s current account surplus—Ch. 10
The sinking of Russia’s ruble—Ch. 14
Swiss franc soars after exchange rate peg scrapped—Ch. 14
Reserve currency burdens for the United States—Ch. 11
Foreign exchange market rigging—Ch. 12
Exchange rate misalignments—Ch. 12
Does currency depreciation stimulate exports?—Ch. 14
Currency carry trade—Ch. 11
China announces currency independence—Ch. 15
People’s Bank of China punishes speculators—Ch. 11
Currency manipulation and currency wars—Ch. 14
Paradox of foreign debt: How the United States borrows at low cost—Ch. 10
Why a dollar depreciation may not close the U.S. trade deficit—Ch. 13
Japanese firms send work abroad as yen makes its products less
competitive—Ch.13
Preventing currency crises: Currency boards versus dollarization—Ch. 14
Organizational Framework: Exploring Further
Sections
Although instructors generally agree on the basic content of the international economics course, opinions vary widely about what arrangement of material is appropriate. This book is structured to provide considerable organizational flexibility.
The topic of international trade relations is presented before international monetary relations, but the order can be reversed by instructors choosing to start with
monetary theory. Instructors can begin with Chapters 10–15 and conclude with
Chapters 2–9. Those who do not wish to cover all the material in the book can
easily omit all or parts of Chapters 6–9 and Chapters 14–15 without loss of
continuity.
The seventeenth edition streamlines its presentation of theory to provide greater
flexibility for instructors. This edition uses online Exploring Further sections to discuss more advanced topics. By locating the Exploring Further sections within
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Preface
xv
MindTap rather than in the printed textbook, more textbook coverage can be
devoted to contemporary applications of theory. The Exploring Further sections
consist of the following:
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Comparative advantage in money terms—Ch. 2
Indifference curves and trade—Ch. 2
Offer curves and the equilibrium terms of trade—Ch. 2
The specific-factors theory—Ch. 3
Offer curves and tariffs—Ch. 4
Trump’s American First Program: Steel and Aluminum Tariffs—Ch. 4
Tariff-rate quota welfare effects—Ch. 5
Export quota welfare effects—Ch. 5
Welfare effects of strategic trade policy—Ch. 6
Government procurement policy and the European Union—Ch. 8
Economies of scale and NAFTA—Ch. 8
Techniques of foreign-exchange market speculation—Ch. 11
A primer on foreign-exchange trading—Ch. 11
Fundamental forecasting–regression analysis—Ch. 12
Mechanisms of International Adjustment—Ch. 13
Exchange rate pass-through—Ch. 13
International Banking: Reserves, Debt, and Risk—Ch. 15
Repositioning of Two Chapters
The sixteenth edition of International Economics included Chapter 13 (“Mechanisms of International Adjustment”) and Chapter 17 (“International Banking:
Reserves, Debt, and Risk”). In order to most effectively streamline the content of
the seventeenth edition, these chapters have been repositioned as part of the
Exploring Further sections that are discussed in the previous section of this preface.
Supplementary Materials
MindTap: Empower Your Students MindTap is a platform that propels students
from memorization to mastery. It gives you complete control of your course, so
you can provide engaging content, challenge every learner, and build student
confidence. Customize interactive syllabi to emphasize priority topics, then add
your own material or notes to the eBook as desired. This outcomes-driven application gives you the tools needed to empower students and boost both understanding and performance.
Access Everything You Need in One Place Cut down on prep with the preloaded
and organized MindTap course materials. Teach more efficiently with interactive
multimedia, assignments, quizzes, and more. Give your students the power to read,
listen, and study on their phones, so they can learn on their terms.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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xvi
Preface
Empower Students to Reach Their Potential Twelve distinct metrics give you
actionable insights into student engagement. Identify topics troubling your entire
class and instantly communicate with those struggling. Students can track their
scores to stay motivated toward their goals. Together, you can be unstoppable.
Control Your Course—and Your Content Get the flexibility to reorder textbook
chapters, add your own notes, and embed a variety of content including Open
Educational Resources (OER). Personalize course content to your students’ needs.
They can even read your notes, add their own, and highlight key text to aid their
learning.
Get a Dedicated Team, Whenever You Need Them MindTap isn’t just a tool, it’s
backed by a personalized team eager to support you. We can help set up your
course and tailor it to your specific objectives, so you’ll be ready to make an impact
from day one. Know we’ll be standing by to help you and your students until the
final day of the term.
PowerPoint Slides The seventeenth edition also includes updated PowerPoint
slides. These slides can be easily downloaded from the instructor’s companion
website (
Instructor’s Manual To assist instructors in the teaching of international economics, there is an Instructor’s Manual that accompanies the seventeenth edition.
The manual contains brief answers to the end-of-chapter study questions and is
available for download from the instructor’s companion website (
Test Bank The test bank provides items for instructors’ reference and use. It contains a variety of question formats in varying levels of difficulty. Cognero® software
makes test preparation, scoring, and grading easy. Featuring automatic grading,
Cognero® allows you to create, deliver, and customize tests and study guides (both
print and online) in minutes.
Compose Compose is the home of Cengage’s online digital content. Compose
provides the fastest, easiest way for you to create your own learning materials.
Contact your Cengage sales representative for more information.
Acknowledgments
I am pleased to acknowledge those who aided me in preparing the current and past
editions of this textbook. Helpful suggestions and often detailed reviews were provided by:
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Abdullah Khan, Kennesaw State University
Adis M. Vila, Esq., Winter Park Institute Rollins College
Afia Yamoah, Hope College
Al Maury, Texas A&I University
Alyson Ma, University of San Diego
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Andy Liu, Youngstown State University
Ann Davis, Marist College
Anthony Koo, Michigan State University
Anthony Scaperlanda, Northern Illinois University
Bassam Harik, Western Michigan University
Ben Slay, Middlebury College (now at PlanEcon)
Benjamin Liebman, St. Joseph’s University
Brad Andrew, Juniata College
Burton Abrams, University of Delaware
Carolyn Fabian Stumph, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne
Charles Chittle, Bowling Green University
Chong Xiang, Purdue University
Christopher Cornell, Fordham University
Chuck Rambeck, St. John’s University
Clifford Harris, Northwood University
Daniel Falkowski, Canisius College
Daniel Lee, Shippensburg University
Daniel Ryan, Temple University
Darrin Gulla, University of Kentucky
Darwin Wassink, University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire
David Hudgins, University of Oklahoma
Earl Davis, Nicholls State University
Edhut Lehrer, Northwestern University
Elanor Craig, University of Delaware
Elisa Quennan, Taft College
Elizabeth Rankin, Centenary College of Louisiana
Emanuel Frenkel, University of California–Davis
Faik Koray, Louisiana State University
Farideh Farazmand, Lynn University
Firat Demir, University of Oklahoma
Fyodor Kushnirsky, Temple University
Gary Pickersgill, California State University, Fullerton
Gopal Dorai, William Paterson College
Gordon Smith, Anderson University
Grace Wang, Marquette University
Hamid Tabesh, University of Wisconsin–River Falls
Hamid Zangeneh, Widener University
Harold Williams, Kent State University
Howard Cochran, Jr., Belmont University
J. Bang, St. Ambrose University
James Richard, Regis University
Jean-Ellen Giblin, Fashion Institute of Technology (SUNY)
Jeff W. Bruns, Bacone College
Jeff Sarbaum, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Jim Hanson, Willamette University
Jim Levinsohn, University of Michigan
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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John Charalambakis, Asbury College
John Harter, Eastern Kentucky University
John Muth, Regis University
John Olienyk, Colorado State University
John Polimeni, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Jonathan Warshay, Baker College
Jorge Vidal, The University of Texas Pan American
Jose Mendez, Arizona State University
Joshua Ang, Rogers State University
Juan De La Cruz, Fashion Institute of Technology
Juha Seppälä, University of Illinois
Kelvin Bentley, Baker College Online
Kevin Balsam, Hunter College
Laurie Strangman, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
Leka Gjolaj, Baker College
Li Guoqiang, University of Macau (China)
Manabu Saeki, Jacksonville State University
Manjira Datta, Arizona State University
Manjuri Talukdar, Northern Illinois University
Martin Lozano, University of Manchester, UK
Mary Norris, Southern Illinois University
Miao Chi, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Michael McCully, High Point University
Mike Marks, Georgia College School of Business
Mitch Charkiewicz, Central Connecticut State University
Mohamad Khalil, Fairmont State College
Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Nalitra Thaiprasert, Ball State University
Neil Meredith, West Texas A&M University
Nindy Sandhu, California State University, Fullerton
Norman Gharrity, Ohio Wesleyan University
Patrice Franko, Colby College
Paul Stock, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor
Pershing Hill, University of Alaska–Anchorage
Peter Karl Kresl, Bucknell University
Peter Petrick, University of Texas at Dallas
Peter Wilamoski, Seattle University
Phyllis Herdendorf, Empire State College (SUNY)
Rahim Quazi, Prairie View A&M University
Ralph Husby, University of Illinois–Urbana/Champaign
Richard Adkisson, New Mexico State University
Richard Anderson, Texas A & M
Richard Ault, Auburn University
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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xix
Robert Blecker, Stanford University
Robert Jerome, James Madison University
Robert Stern, University of Michigan
Robin Klay, Hope College
Roger Morefield, University of St. Thomas
Roman Cech, Longwood University
Scott Brunger, Maryville College
Seid Hassan, Murray State University
Seymour Douglas, Emory University
Shawn Osell, Minnesota State University–Mankato
Sofyan Azaizeh, University of New Haven
Steve Steib, University of Tulsa
Sucharita Ghosh, University of Akron
Surekha Rao, Indiana University Northwest
Suryadipta Roy, High Point University
Susan Linz, Michigan State University
Sylwia Starnawska, SUNY Empire State College
Teresita Ramirez, College of Mount Saint Vincent
Terutomo Ozawa, Colorado State University
Thomas Grennes, North Carolina State University
Tony Mutsune, Iowa Wesleyan College
Veda Doss, Wingate University
Wahhab Khandker, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
William Hallagan, Washington State University
William Kleiner, Western Illinois University
William Phillips, University of South Carolina
William Schlosser, Lewis and Clark State College
William Urban, University of South Florida
Xiujian Chen, California State University, Fullerton
I would like to thank my colleagues at Central Washington University—David
Hedrick, Peter Gray, Koushik Ghosh, Peter Saunders, Toni Sipic, and Chad
­Wassell—for their advice and help while I was preparing the manuscript. I am also
indebted to Shirley Hood who provided advice in the manuscript’s preparation.
It has been a pleasure to work with the staff of Cengage Learning, especially Julie
Dierig (Project Manager), Chris Rader (Project Manager) and Michael Parthenakis
(Senior Product Manager) who provided many valuable suggestions and assistance
in seeing this edition to its completion. Thanks also to Kimberly Beauchamp, Erica
Longenbach, and Pradhiba Kannaiyan who orchestrated the content development
and composition of this book. I also appreciate the meticulous efforts that Linda
Duarte provided in the copyediting of this textbook. Finally, I am grateful to my
students, as well as faculty and students at other universities, who provided helpful
comments on the material contained in this new edition.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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xx
Preface
I would appreciate any comments, corrections, or suggestions that faculty or
students wish to make so I can continue to improve this text in the years ahead.
Please contact me! Thank you for permitting this text to evolve to the seventeenth
edition.
Bob Carbaugh
Department of Economics
Central Washington University
Ellensburg, Washington 98926
Phone: (509) 963-3443
Email: [email protected]
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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About the Author xxi
About the Author
When students take my economics courses at Central Washington University, on
the first day of class I ask them to stand up, go around the classroom, and meet all
of the other ­students in the class. I feel that we are a community of learners and
that getting to know each other is very important. So allow me to tell you a little
about myself and how I became the author of International Economics.
I was born in the year that the famous British economist, John Maynard Keynes
died (you can look it up if you wish). I proudly remind my fellow economists that
this allows me to be the successor of Keynes, and that since that time all great ideas
come from me. ­However, I can’t figure out why they are not impressed with my
conclusion—to me, it seems obvious. But it should be noted that I was born without
much hair, and I maintain this characteristic even today.
Growing up in Spokane, Washington, I came from a family of Mom & Dad
and five brothers and sisters. We lived in a modest three-bedroom house with
one bathroom and bunk beds for the kids. It was at this time that I first learned
about productivity in terms of not tying up the bathroom. Also, I enthusiastically
played baseball from little-league through high school. I was a pitcher who threw
a fastball (it wasn’t that fast), a roundhouse curveball, and a change-up. Being
able to hit for a high percentage, I played left field while not pitching. I also
played club hockey, competed in local golf tournaments, and eventually got into
running 10K races.
As for music, 1950s rock was fun. Looking back in life, I wish that I had learned
to play a saxophone so I could have played in a Fifties rock band. However, the folk
music of the late 1950s and 1960s had the biggest musical influence on my life, and
it still does. Without musical background, my friends and I bought cheap guitars
and we learned how to play folk songs while listening to 33 1/3 LPs (not CDs) by
groups such as the Kingston Trio, Brothers Four, and New Christy Minstrels. One
of my friends became the banjo player with the Brothers Four which still makes
CDs and plays at concerts worldwide.
By the time I went to Gonzaga University, I was becoming quite serious about
my education, and I enjoyed being challenged by my professors and fellow students. To help finance my college education, I worked at many part-time jobs: I
washed dishes at the stude…
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Description ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫وزارة التعليم‬ ‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Saudi Electronic University College of Administrative and Financial Sciences Assignment 2 Entrepreneurship and small business (MGT 402) Due Date: 02/11/2024 @ 23:59 Course Name: Entrepreneurship and small business Course Code: MGT402 Student’s Name: Semester:

Organizational Behaviour (MGT 301)

Description 1-please plagiarism not acceptable 2-references are required 3-number of words as required ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫وزارة التعليم‬ ‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Saudi Electronic University College of Administrative and Financial Sciences Assignment 2 Organizational Behaviour (MGT 301) Due Date: 02/11/2024 @ 23:59 Course Name:

2 questions in mgt

Description ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫وزارة التعليم‬ ‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Saudi Electronic University College of Administrative and Financial Sciences Assignment 2 Communications Management (MGT 421) Due Date: 2/11/2024 @ 23:59 Course Name: Communication Management Student’s Name: Course Code: MGT421 Student’s ID Number: Semester: 1st

Management Question

Description Hello everyone , I have an assignment about the subject Strategic Management i will attach the assignment file and the case the assignment based on. and here the instructions : Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing

Business Question

Description ‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫وزارة التعليم‬ ‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬ Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Education Saudi Electronic University College of Administrative and Financial Sciences Assignment 2 Management of Technology (MGT 325) Due Date: 02/11/2024 @ 23:59 Course Name: Management of Technology Student’s Name: Course Code: MGT325 Student’s ID Number: