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Business Question

Description

* This assignment is an individual assignment.

* The Assignment must be submitted on BB only in WORD format via allocated folder.

* Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.

* Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented; marks may be reduced for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.

* Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.

* Late submission will NOT be accepted.

* Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.

* All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).

Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.Holzer, M., & Schwester, R. W. (2014c). Public Administration: An Introduction. Routledge.add more sources to this.

Public Administration:
An Indispensable
Part of Society
“The care of human life and happiness…
is the first and only legitimate object
of good government.”
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Third President of the United States
(1743–1846)
Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

OVERVIEW
• Introductions

• Syllabus Review
• Public Administration – History
• Essential Characteristics

• Truths and Myths

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

INTRODUCTION
Who are public servants?
Identify three people who you think serve the public, including
their professions and how they serve the public.
• What do all these people have in common? What is their
common interest/goal?
• How does government serve and affect its citizens on a
daily basis through these professions?

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

Government from an Organizational Perspective
• Federal

• State

• Municipal

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

Government from a Financial Perspective
• Sources

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

Government from a Financial Perspective
• Uses

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

Government Services and Accountability
• Nonprofit

• Private
• Role of the Public Administrator
• Truths and Myths of Bureaucracies

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Harness the Power of Public Service
(Exercise 1.3)
President Bill Clinton addresses Rutgers University students
regarding the value of public service and civic engagement.
Harness the Power of Public Service – September 29, 2009
• What key messages would you deliver concerning the
importance of public service?

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

WRAP-UP
Public Administration:
An Indispensible Part of Society
• What is Public Administration?

• What are the Essential Characteristics of Government?
• What are the Truths and Myths?
Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 2

Public Administration: An Indispensable Part of Society

Organizational Theory
And Management
“When in charge, ponder; when in trouble,
delegate; when in doubt, mumble.”
JAMES H. BOREN
Author; Founder of the International Association
of Professional Bureaucrats, 1970

Organizational Theory and Management

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Key Terms – Organization Theory
• Historical Perspective of Organization Theory
• Public Administration – Major Contributors

Organizational Theory and Management

INTRODUCTION
X-Y Theory Questionnaire
(Exercise 2.2)
Score the statements on a scale of 0 to 5.

• Is your current work situation X or Y ?

Organizational Theory and Management

EVOLUTION OF ORG THEORY
Classical
Era

Neo-Classical
Era

Humanizing
Theory

• Taylor

• Simon

• Parker-Follett

• Weber

• Merton

• Maslow

• Gullick & Urwick • Waldo
• Fayol

• McGregor

• Selznick
• Barnard
Organizational Theory and Management

The Contemporary Theories
• Structural

• Systems
• Quality
• Economic
• Culture

• NPR
Organizational Theory and Management

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Managerial Priorities
(Exercise 2.1)
Rate the most important managerial qualities.
• Discuss your results with the person next to you.

Organizational Theory and Management

WRAP-UP
Organizational Theory
and Management
• The Evolution of Organizational Theory

• Major Contributors
Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 3

Organizational Theory and Management

Managing Human
Resources
“No duty the Executive had to perform
was so trying as to put the right man
in the right place.”
THOMAS JEFFERSON
Third President of the United States
(1743–1846)
Managing Human Resources

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics
• Define Human Resources Management
• Identification, Recruitment, and Retention Strategies
• Public Service Motivation
• Strategies to Build a Motivated Workforce

Managing Human Resources

INTRODUCTION
What motivates you?
(Exercise 3.1)
Complete the sentences with the first words
that come to mind.

Managing Human Resources

HR Management
• A Definition – Tactical & Strategic
“Leadership is all about people. It is not about
organizations. It is not about plans. It is not
about strategies. It is all about people–
motivating people to get the job done.
You have to be people-centered.”
COLIN POWELL
U.S. Army General;
Former Secretary of State

Managing Human Resources

Recruitment
• External Strategies
• Internal Strategies

Managing Human Resources

Development
• Supervision
• Training
• Motivating
• Evaluating

Managing Human Resources

Employee Assistance
• Prevention
• Intervention
• Counseling

Managing Human Resources

Culture
• Creating Affirmative Culture
• Team Work

Managing Human Resources

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Exercise in Counseling
(Exercise 3.4)

Create your own model counseling session script to present to
the class.
• Are the goals of performance appraisals being met?
• Are the objectives of employee counseling being fulfilled?
• Does your script follow the guidelines for effective employee
counseling?
Managing Human Resources

WRAP-UP
Managing Human
Resources
• A Definition
• A Strategy for Recruitment – Retention
• A Strategy for Motivating
Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 4

Managing Human Resources

Public Decision
Making
“Decision-making processes hold
the key to understanding organizations.”
HERBERT A. SIMON
Economist; Nobel Prize Winner

Public Decision Making

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Decision Making: The Definition, Importance, and Impact
• The Process
• Theoretical Models

• Citizen Involvement
• The Dysfunctions

Public Decision Making

INTRODUCTION
The Nature of Decision Making
• Definition

• Importance

• Implications

Public Decision Making

Decision Making Theoretical Models
• Rational Model

• Administrative Model
• Implicit Favorite Model
• Garbage Can Model

• Participatory Model

Public Decision Making

The Dysfunctions

Public Decision Making

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
The Town of Twin Creeks Considers a New Law
(Exercise 4.1)
Explore the political, personal, administrative, and economic
issues involved with the pending decision to eliminate
motorized vehicles on the town’s 100-acre lake.

Public Decision Making

WRAP-UP
Public Decision Making
• Process
• Models
• Dysfunctions

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 5

Public Decision Making

Politics and
Public Administration
“A theory of public administration means
in our time a theory of politics also.”
JOHN GAUS
Political Scientist; Public Administration Expert
(1894–1969)
Politics and Public Administration

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics
• The Nature of Politics and Administration
• Bureaucratic Politics
• The Iron Triangle
• The Role of Discretion in Administration

Politics and Public Administration

INTRODUCTION

Politics and Public Administration

Intersection of Politics and Administration
• Spoils System: Andrew Jackson

• Reformers: Woodrow Wilson

• Legislation: The Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

Politics and Public Administration

Bureaucratic Politics – The Realism
“There is no doubt that the development of the
administrative agency in response to modern
legislative and administrative need has placed
severe strain on the separation-of-powers principle
in its pristine formulation.”
BYRON WHITE
Football Player; Supreme Court Justice
(1917–2002)

• The Politics School
• Wilson vs. Simon
Politics and Public Administration

Bureaucratic Discretion – Administrative Law

Politics and Public Administration

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Tobacco Settlement Distribution Simulation
(Exercise 5.1)
A $2.5 billion settlement from a tobacco company is awarded
to the State.
In your roles, determine how it would be distributed in your
state.
Remember: No decision = No money

Politics and Public Administration

WRAP-UP
Politics and Public Administration
• The Spoils System
• The Legislative Reform
• The Iron Triangle and Discretion

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 6

Politics and Public Administration

Intergovernmental
Relations
“We’re hearing how Pennsylvania municipalities
are furloughing employees, cutting services
or taking other drastic measures to pay
their bills…If they shared services, the
financial pain would not be so great.”
KEN KLOTHEN
Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
Intergovernmental Relations

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Federalism

• Shared Government

• Improving Performance

Intergovernmental Relations

INTRODUCTION

Intergovernmental Relations

Federalism – The Models
Layer Cake

Intergovernmental Relations

Federalism – The Models
Marble Cake

Intergovernmental Relations

Federalism – The Models
Picket Fence

Intergovernmental Relations

Shared Government

Personnel

–

Equipment

–

Services

–

Expertise

Intergovernmental Relations

Improving Government Performance
• Intra Government Competition
• Inter Government Competition

• Privatization
• Shared Services

Intergovernmental Relations

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
The Road to the Real Salt Lake Stadium Deal
(Exercise 6.2)
What are the factors in this case that are important to our
discussion on inter-governmental relationships?
Think of your answer in terms of opportunities or threats.

Intergovernmental Relations

WRAP-UP
Intergovernmental Relations
• Federalism
• Shared Services
• Competition

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 7

Intergovernmental Relations

Public
Performance
“An acre of performance is worth
a whole world of promise.”
WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS
American Author
(1837–1920)
Public Performance

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Improving Government Performance
• Total Quality Management
• Measuring to Improve
• Citizen Driven Performance Measurement

Public Performance

INTRODUCTION
What is a Performance-Driven
Management System?
• Citizens – Customers – Clients – Owners
• Effectiveness – Efficacy – Equity
• Administrators
• Employers
• Founders
Public Performance

Improving Performance

Public Performance

Improving Performance

Public Performance

TQM – Total Quality Management
• History – W.E. Deming
• The Key Elements

• Assumptions:
– The Customer
– Continuous Improvement
– Commitment and Leadership
– Empowerment and Teamwork

Public Performance

Responsiveness
• The Value of Responsiveness
“The only man I know who behaves sensibly
is my tailor; he takes my measurements each
time he sees me. The rest go on with their old
measurements and expect me to fit them.”
GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
Playright; Critic; Nobel Prize Winner
(1856–1950)

Public Performance

Performance Improvement Indicators
“What gets measured gets done,
what gets measured and fed back gets done well,
what gets rewarded gets repeated.”
JOHN E. JONES
American Attorney

Public Performance

Performance Improvement Indicators

Public Performance

Citizen Driven
Performance
Measurement

Public Performance

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
City of Deficitprone–Improving Public
Performance (Simulation)
(Exercise 7.1)
Identify unrealized opportunities for productivity improvements
and the obstacles to them.

Public Performance

WRAP-UP
Public
Performance
• Why Measure?
• TQM
• Performance Management Strategies

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 8

Public Performance

Program
Evaluation
“Evaluation is the process of determining
the merit, worth, and value of things.”
MICHAEL SCRIVEN
Evaluation Theorist

Program Evaluation

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Defining and Valuing Program Evaluation
• Collecting Data
• Types of Program Evaluation
• Ethics and Evaluation

Program Evaluation

INTRODUCTION
A Definition
“Program evaluation is the use of social science research
methods in an effort to determine whether a public program
is worthwhile.”
• Systematic
• Applied Research

• Client and Organizational Focused

Program Evaluation

Collecting Empirical Data
• Surveys
• Interviews

• Focus Groups
• Observations

• Experiments
• Existing Data
Program Evaluation

Evaluation Types – Assessments
•
•
•
•
•

Needs
Theory
Process
Impact
Efficiency

Program Evaluation

Ethics and Evaluations
• Informed Consent
• Evaluator Bias

• Client Centered
• Confidentiality

Program Evaluation

Logic Models
Logic Model for a High School Mathematics Tutoring Program

Program Evaluation

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Logic Model Lingo
(Exercise 8.2)
Place the appropriate number or letter code on each line. Be
prepared to explain your choices.

Program Evaluation

WRAP-UP
Program Evaluation
• Why Evaluate?
• What Data and How?
• Models for Program Evaluation

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 9

Program Evaluation

Public
Budgeting
“A budget tells us what we can’t afford,
but it doesn’t keep us from buying it.”
WILLIAM FEATHER
American Publisher; Author
(1889–1981)
Public Budgeting

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• What is Budgeting?
• The Budgeting Process
• Understanding the Federal Budget
• Budget Types
• Budget Sources/Uses
• Budget Theory

Public Budgeting

INTRODUCTION
What is Public Budgeting?

“Whatever else they may be, budgets are
manifestly political documents. They engage
the intense concern of administrators, politicians,
leaders of interest groups and citizens interested
in ‘who gets what and how much’ of
governmental allocations.”
AARON WILDAVSKY and ARTHUR HAMMOND
Authors

Public Budgeting

The Budgeting Process
1. Budget Preparation

2. Governor’s Recommendation
3. Appropriations Bills
4. Appropriations Subcommittees

5. Full Appropriations Committee Action
6. House or Senate Floor
7. Sent to Other Chamber
8. House and Senate Vote on Conference Report
9. Conference Report Adopted
10. Budget Bill Enrolled, Ratified, and sent to Governor
to be signed into law
Public Budgeting

The Federal Budget

Public Budgeting

Types of Budgets
• Operational vs. Capital
• Line-Item

• Performance Based (PB)
• Zero Based (ZBB)
• Program Based (PPBS)

Public Budgeting

Resources – Sources

Public Budgeting

Budgeting Theories
• Wildavsky
• V.O. Key

• Whicker
• Swedlow

Public Budgeting

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Budget Hero (Simulation)
(Exercise 9.2)
Take the budgeting process for the U.S. into your own hands
and feel the impact of your distribution and taxation decisions
in real time.
Budget Hero

Public Budgeting

WRAP-UP
Public Budgeting
• Definition
• Process

• Theories

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 10

Public Budgeting

Public-Sector
Leadership
“You can only govern men by serving them.”
VICTOR COUSIN
French Philosopher
(1792–1867)

Public-Sector Leadership

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Leading People
• Managing People
• Theories of Leadership
• Leadership and Power

Public-Sector Leadership

INTRODUCTION
Qualities of a Poor Leader vs. an Excellent Leader
(Exercise 10.1)
Think of a manager you have worked for that you considered
to be an excellent leader. List the qualities that made you feel
he or she was excellent.
Think of a manager you have worked for that you considered
to be a poor leader. List the qualities that made you feel he or
she was poor.

Public-Sector Leadership

Leading
• Planning
• Organizing

• Directing
• Coordinating

“A good leader is a person
who takes a little more
of his share of the blame
and a little less than his
share of the credit.”
JOHN C. MAXWELL
Pastor; Author;
Leadership Expert

Public-Sector Leadership

Managing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Implement
Sensitivity
Negotiate
Cultivate
Respond
Oversee
Alert
Represent
Life-Work Balance

“Leadership
As
Followership”

Public-Sector Leadership

Leadership Theories
• Trait
• Skills
• Style
• Situational
• Contingency
• Path-Goal
• Transformational
Public-Sector Leadership

Leadership and Power

Public-Sector Leadership

“Leadership is a combination of strategy
and character. If you must be without one,
be without strategy.”
H. NORMAN SCHWARZKOPF
U.S. Army General

Public-Sector Leadership

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Path-Goal Questionnaire
(Exercise 10.4)
Indicate how often each statement is true of your own
behavior.

Public-Sector Leadership

WRAP-UP
Public-Sector Leadership
• Definitions
• Characteristics – Theories

• Power and Leadership

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 11

Public-Sector Leadership

Ethics and
Public Administration
“Always do right. This will gratify
some people and astonish the rest.”
MARK TWAIN
Author; Satirist
(1835–1910)
Ethics and Public Administration

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Administrative Ethics
• Bureaucracy and Ethics
• Formal Rules and Discretion

Ethics and Public Administration

INTRODUCTION

Ethics and Public Administration

Administrative Ethics
“ A set of normative guidelines directed at resolving
conflicts of interest so as to enhance societal
well-being.” (Zinkham, etd. 2007)

• Rights and Duties
• Policies and Practices

Ethics and Public Administration

Bureaucracy and Ethics
• The Need for Administrative Ethics
• Condoning Corruption

• Combating Corruption

Ethics and Public Administration

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Employee Conduct: Ethical or Unethical?
(Exercise 11.2)
After reading each scenario, indicate if the employee was
acting ethically or unethically.

Ethics and Public Administration

Formal Rules and Discretion
“It is naïve to believe that ethic rules will prevent
an administration from using its bureaucratic
power to favor special interests that support
its public policy and political agendas.”
ROBERT ROBERTS
Professor; Author

• The Fourteen Principles of Ethical Conduct for Federal
Employees
• Leading by Example
Ethics and Public Administration

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
Your Values and Ethics
(Exercise 11.3)
Learn where you fall on the values/ethics continuum.

Ethics and Public Administration

WRAP-UP
Ethics and
Public Administration
• Defining Ethics
• Valuing Ethics
• Accountability

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 12

Ethics and Public Administration

Technology and
Public Administration
“The new information technology–Internet
and e-mail–have practically eliminated
the physical costs of communications.”
PETER DRUCKER
Economist; Management Guru; Author
(1909–2005)
Technology and Public Administration

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• High Tech Government
• Technology Organization
• Security
• Knowledge Management
• Innovation – Trends

Technology and Public Administration

INTRODUCTION
The Benefits of Technology
“The number one benefit of information technology
is that it empowers people to do what they want
to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people
be productive. It lets people learn things they
didn’t think they could learn before, and so
in a sense it is all about potential.”
STEVE BALLMER
CEO, Microsoft

Technology and Public Administration

High Tech Government
The Investment:
• $71 B – Federal

• $52.8 B – State and Local

Technology and Public Administration

Tech Organization
• Chief Information Officer
• Chief Technology Officer
• Security
• Management

Technology and Public Administration

Knowledge Management – E-Governance

Technology and Public Administration

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
SimProcess: Modeling and Simulations
(Exercise 12.1)
Experience firsthand how technology can be utilized to
improve efficiency and effectiveness in public administration.

Technology and Public Administration

WRAP-UP
Technology and Public Administration
• Definition
• Organization – Accountability – Management
• E-Governance

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 13

Technology and Public Administration

Public Service
and Popular Culture
“Service is the rent we pay to the living.
It is the very purpose of life and not
something you do in your spare time.”
MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN
Attorney; Activist; Founder, Children’s Defense Fund

Public Service and Popular Culture

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Public Servants
• The Value of Community Service
• Networks and Professional Associations

Public Service and Popular Culture

INTRODUCTION
What is Public Service?

Public Service and Popular Culture

Public Servants
• The Stereotypes
• The Real Public Servant
• Who Are Your Role Models?

“It is a grand mistake to think of being great without
goodness and I pronounce it as certain that there
was never a truly great man that was not at the
same time truly virtuous.”
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
American Statesman; Ambassador; Patriot

Public Service and Popular Culture

IN-CLASS EXERCISE
A Career in Public Service
(Exercise 13.1)
• Why is public service important?
• How can you contribute?

Public Service and Popular Culture

Young People and Public Service

Public Service and Popular Culture

Networks and Professional Development
• ASPA
• Alliance 4 Public Service

• ICMA
• Affinity Groups

Public Service and Popular Culture

WRAP-UP
Public Service and Popular Culture
• What is Public Service?
• Who are Public Servants?

• How do you grow Community Service Commitment?

Preparation for next class: Read Chapter 14

Public Service and Popular Culture

The Future of
Public Administration
“The future is not fixed, it’s fluid…
It’s waiting for you to hammer it into shape.”
BONO
Musician; Activist

The Future of Public Administration

OVERVIEW
• Review Last Class – Key Topics

• Create Your Own City – Class Exercise
• The Evolution of PA
• Networks
• Performance Management
• Citizen Participation
• Globalization

The Future of Public Administration

INTRODUCTION
City Creator (Simulation)
(Exercise 14.1)
Build a city and explain your choices on placement of roads,
homes, green spaces, medical facilities, schools, and shops.

The Future of Public Administration

The Evolution of Public Administration

“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful
committed citizens can change the world;
indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.”
MARGARET MEAD
Cultural Anthropologist

The Future of Public Administration

Governance Networks

The Future of Public Administration

Performance Measurement
•
•
•
•
•

Inputs
Outputs
Outcomes
Efficiency
Productivity

7 Steps
1.Identification
2.Purpose
3.Indicators
4.Targets
5.Monitoring
6.Reporting
7.Evaluation

The Future of Public Administration

Citizen Participation

“I always wondered why somebody
didn’t do something about that.
Then I realized I was somebody.”
LILY TOMLIN
Actress; Comedian; Writer

The Future of Public Administration

Globalization

The Future of Public Administration

WRAP-UP
The Future of Public Administration
• Performance
• Citizens

• Globalization

Preparation for next class: Study for Final!

The Future of Public Administration

‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫وزارة التعليم‬
‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University

College of Administrative and Financial Sciences

Assignment 2 MGT324 (1st Term 2024-2025)
Deadline: 02/11/2024 @ 23:59
(To be released to students on BB in Week 7)
Course Name: Public Management
Course Code: MGT324

Student’s Name:

Semester: 1st

CRN:

Student’s ID Number:

Academic Year: 1446 H (2024-2025)1st Term
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name:
Students’ Grade: /10

Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low

Instructions: Please Read them carefully
•
•

This assignment is an individual assignment.
The Assignment must be submitted on BB only in WORD format via allocated folder.

•

Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.

•

Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented; marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.

•

Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.

•

Late submission will NOT be accepted.

•

Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.

•

All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).

Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.

Restricted – ‫مقيد‬

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University

‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫وزارة التعليم‬
‫الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية‬

College of Administrative and Financial Sciences

CLO: Apply different management and leadership styles for different situations

Q1. “Leaders are born, not made.” In light of this statement, briefly explain the concept of
leadership and its role in organizational development. (5 Marks) (250-300 words).
Q2. How does transformational leadership differ from the path-goal theory of leadership?
Critically evaluate these two leadership styles with suitable example and their role in
organizational sustainability. (5 Marks) (250-300 words).

Restricted – ‫مقيد‬

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