Description
Case
30
Tesla Motors, Inc.:
THE FIRST U.S. CAR COMPANY IPO SINCE 1956
Alan N. Hoffman
Bentley University
Tesla Motors, Inc. is in the business of developing, manufacturing, and selling technology for high-performance electric automotives and power train components. Hoping
to develop a greater worldwide acceptance of electric vehicles as an alternative to
the traditional internal combustion, petroleum-based vehicles that dominate the
market, Tesla is the first company that commercially produced a federally compliant electric vehicle with the design styling and performance characteristics of a
high-end performance automobile. Tesla currently offers one vehicle, the Roadster,
for sale, as well as supplying electric power train components to Daimler for use in
its Smart EV automobile. Additionally, Tesla has a partnership with Toyota Motors
to develop and supply an electric power train for Toyota’s Rav4 SUV.
Company Background
Tesla Motors was founded in Silicon Valley in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc
Tarpenning to create efficient electric cars for driving aficionados. The founders acquired
their first round of financing from PayPal and SpaceX founder Elon Musk who subsequently took over as CEO in 2008. The company unveiled its first car, a two-seat sports
car named the Roadster, in 2006 after raising $150 million and going through four years
of technological and internal struggles.1 Powered by a three-phase, four-pole AC induction motor, the Roadster has a top speed of 130 mph and accelerates from 0 to 60 mph
in under four seconds, all completely silent.2 Production of the Roadster began in March
of 2008 with a first-year production run of 600 vehicles.3 In June 2008, Tesla announced
that it would be building a four-door, five-passenger sedan called the Model S to be
This teaching case was compiled from published sources. The author would like to thank Lindsay Pacheco,
Patrick Toomey, Ned Coffee, William Gormly, and Will Hoffman for their research. Please address all correspondence to Dr. Alan N. Hoffman, Dept. of Management, Bentley University, 175 Forest Street, Waltham,
MA 02452; [email protected]. Printed by permission of Dr. Alan N. Hoffman.
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built in California and be available for sale in 2012.4 The Model S is slated to retail for
approximately $57,400 and be offered with battery options for 160-, 230-, or 300-mile
ranges per charge. The company went public in June 2010 with an initial public offering
at $17 a share, raising about $226.1 million in the first stock debut of a car maker since
the Ford Motor Company held its initial public offering in 1956.5
Tesla has also used its innovative technology to partner with traditional automobile
manufacturers on their electric vehicle offerings. In 2009, Tesla signed a deal to provide
Daimler with the battery technology to power 1000 electric Smart city cars.6 Tesla will
supply battery packs and electric power trains to Daimler and in return it will receive
auto manufacturing and design expertise in areas including safety requirements and
mass production of vehicles.7 Later in that same year, Daimler announced that it had
acquired a “nearly 10 percent” stake in Tesla.8 On October 6, 2010, Tesla entered into a
Phase 1 Contract Services Agreement with Toyota Motor Corporation for the development of a validated power train system, including a battery, power electronics module,
motor, gearbox, and associated software, which will be integrated into an electric vehicle
version of the RAV4 for which Tesla received US$60 million.9
In May 2010, Tesla purchased the former NUMMI factory in Fremont, California,
one of the largest, most advanced and cleanest automotive production plants in the
world, where it will build the Model S sedan and future Tesla vehicles.10 Additionally,
Toyota invested US$50 million in Tesla and together the two companies will cooperate
on the development of electric vehicles, parts, and production system and engineering
support.11
Strategic Direction
Tesla desires to develop alternative energy electric vehicles for people who love to drive.
While most car companies are developing small, compact electric cars, Tesla has focused
on a high-priced, high-performance electric vehicle that competes against traditional
performance cars such as those offered by BMW and Porsche. The company has also
devoted many resources to research and development in an effort to produce an electric
power train that has both long mileage between recharges and the high performance
that car enthusiast’s desire.
Tesla’s main objectives are to achieve both growth in sales and profits, provide technological leadership in the field of electric vehicles, and foster sustainability and social
responsibility. The company desires for growth are served with its development and sale
of the Model S vehicle that is expected to retail for almost half of the Roadster price
and thus create higher demand and revenue. The company further strives for growth
through its strategic partnerships with Toyota and Daimler to supply electric power
trains to those companies for use in their electric vehicle designs.
The company’s objectives of sustainability and social responsibility are shown
through its desire to develop automobiles that are not powered by petroleum products
and produce very little carbon emissions. The company won the Globe Sustainability
Innovation Award 2009.
Tesla’s Competition
Tesla’s products participate in the automotive market based on its power train technology. It currently competes with a number of vehicles in the non-petroleum powered (alternative fuel) automobile segment from companies such as Mitsubishi, Nissan,
General Motors (Chevy), Toyota, BMW, and Honda to name a few. Within this market
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segment, there are four primary means of power train propulsion which differentiate
the various competitors in this market:
■
■
■
■
Electric Vehicles (EV) are vehicles powered completely by a single on-board energy
storage system (battery pack or fuel cell) which is refueled directly from an electricity source. Both the Tesla Roadster and the Model S are examples of electric vehicles.
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEV) are vehicles powered by both a battery pack with
an electric motor and an internal combustion engine that can be refueled both with
traditional petroleum fuels for the engine and electricity for the battery pack. The
internal combustion engine can either work in parallel with the electric motor to
power the wheels, such as in a parallel plug-in hybrid vehicle, or be used only to
recharge the battery, such as in a series plug-in hybrid vehicle like the Chevrolet Volt.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) are vehicles powered by both a battery pack with
an electric motor and an internal combustion engine but which can only be refueled with traditional petroleum fuels as the battery pack is charged via regenerative
braking, such as used in a hybrid electric vehicle like the Toyota Prius.12
Hydrogen Vehicles are vehicles powered by liquefied hydrogen fuel cells. The power
plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical
energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors.13 These vehicles are
required to refuel their hydrogen fuel cells at special refueling stations. Examples
of these types of vehicles are the BMW Hydrogen 7 and the Honda Clarity.
Mitsubishi i-MieV
Established in Japan in 1970, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is a member of the Mitsubishi conglomerate of 25 distinct companies. Mitsubishi Motors is headquartered in
Tokyo, Japan, and employs roughly 31,000 employees. The company sells automobiles in
160 countries worldwide and in 2010 sold 960,000 units.14 Within the United States, the
company had a meager 0.5% of the market share in 2010 with 55,683 units sold.15 Along
with traditional gasoline engine automobiles, the company has long been involved in the
R&D of electric vehicles. Mitsubishi has been involved in electric vehicle research and
development since the 1960s with a partnership with the Tokyo Electric Power Company
(TEPCO).16 Since 1966 to the present, the company has dabbled in electric vehicle and
battery research and development with numerous prototype vehicles produced.
In 2009. Mitsubishi released its newest EV car called the i-MiEV (Mitsubishi Innovative Electric Car). The i-MiEV is a small, four-passenger, all-electric car with a top speed
of approximately 80 MPH and a quoted range of 75 miles on a single charge based on U.S.
driving habits and terrain.17 The car is based on lithium-ion battery technology. In October 2010, the company announced that it had reached the 5000 production unit mark for
the car.18 Currently the i-MiEV is being sold in Japan, other Asian countries, Costa Rica,
and 14 countries in Europe. The Japanese price of the i-MiEV was originally US$50,500
but was reduced to US$42,690 in mid-2010 due to competition from other car companies.
Mitsubishi plans on introducing the i-MiEV to the U.S. market in the fall of 2011.
Nissan Leaf
The Nissan Motor Company, formed in 1933, is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan and
employs over 158,000 workers. Currently, it builds automobiles in 20 countries and offers
products and services in 160 countries around the world.19 In 2010, it sold globally over
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3 million vehicles in its first three fiscal quarters (April 2010–December 2010) with over
700,000 of those being sold in the United States.20 The company operates two brands,
Nissan and Infinity, which design and sell both passenger vehicles and luxury passenger
vehicles.
On December 3, 2010, Nissan introduced the LEAF, which it billed as the world’s
first 100% electric, zero-emission car designed for the mass market.21 The LEAF is a
five-passenger electric car with a top speed of 90 mph and a quoted range of 100 miles
on a single charge using lithium-Ion battery technology. The current 2011 price in the
United States for the LEAF is approximately US$33,000, which is also eligible for the
US$7500 electric vehicle tax credit. It is reported that Nissan had sold 3657 LEAFs by
the end of February 2011 with 173 of the sales within the United States and the rest in
Japan.22
Chevy Volt
Chevrolet Motor Company was formed in 1911 and joined the General Motors Corporation in 1918.23 GM has its global headquarters in Detroit, Michigan, and employs
209,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in more than 120
countries.24 In 2010, Chevrolet sold 4.26 million vehicles worldwide and 1.57 million in
the United States.25
In mid-December 2010, Chevy began delivery of a four-passenger, plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle called the Volt. The Volt operates by using an electric engine until
the batteries are discharged and then a gasoline engine kicks in for what Chevy calls
“extended-range” driving. The car is quoted as having a range of 35 miles in electric
mode and an additional 340 miles of extended driving using the gasoline engine.26 It
is reported that Chevy had sold 928 Volts by the end of February 2011; all within the
United States.27 The current 2011 price in the United States for the Volt is approximately
US$42,000, which is also eligible for the US$7500 electric vehicle tax credit.
Toyota Prius
The Toyota Motor Company was established in 1937 and is headquartered in Toyota
City, Japan. It employs over 320,000 employees worldwide with 51 overseas manufacturing companies in 26 countries and regions.28 Toyota’s vehicles are sold in more than
170 countries and regions. For fiscal year 2010, Toyota sold over 7.2 million vehicles
worldwide, of which 1.76 million were sold in the United States.29
In 1997, Toyota introduced a five-passenger, gasoline-electric hybrid automobile
called the Prius. The Prius has both a gasoline engine and an electric motor, which is
used under lighter load conditions to maximize the car’s fuel economy. The electric batteries are recharged via the gasoline engine only. On April 5, 2011, Toyota announced
that it had sold its 1 millionth Prius in the United States and had surpassed 2 million
global sales 6 months earlier in October 2010.30 Currently, Toyota offers four versions
of the Prius in the United States with prices ranging from US$23,000 to US$28,000. The
company has announced a plug-in version of the Prius, which is slated for sale in 2012.
BMW Hydrogen 7
Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) was established in 1916 in Bavaria, Germany. Originally, the company started manufacturing airplane engines, but after World War I, Germany was not allowed to manufacture any airplane components as part of the terms of
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the armistice.31 The company turned its focus to motorcycle engine development and
subsequently, in 1928, developed its first automobile. Presently, the company is headquartered in Munich, Germany, and employs approximately 95,000 workers. In 2010,
BMW sold approximately 1.2 million vehicles.32
In 2006, BMW introduced the four-passenger Hydrogen 7 automobile that was the
world’s first hydrogen-drive luxury performance automobile.33 The car is a dual-fuel
vehicle capable of running on either liquid hydrogen or gasoline with just the press of
a button on the steering wheel.34 The combined range for the car is approximately 425
miles with the hydrogen tank contributing 125 miles and the gasoline providing the
rest. To date, BMW has only produced 100 units of the vehicle, which have been leased/
loaned to public figures. The car has not been made available for purchase to the general
public and no sale price has been quoted.
Honda Clarity
The Honda Motor Company was established in the 1940s in Japan originally as a manufacturer of engines for motorcycles.35 Honda produced its first production automobile
in 1963 and has been a global supplier since then. In 2010, Honda sold 3.4 million automobiles worldwide with 1.4 million being sold in the United States.36 In 2008, Honda
began production of its four-passenger FCX Clarity, the world’s first hydrogen-powered
fuel-cell vehicle intended for mass production.37 The FCX Clarity FCEV is basically an
electric car because the fuel cell combines hydrogen with oxygen to make electricity
which powers an electric motor, which in turn propels the vehicle.38 The car can drive
240 miles on a tank, almost as far as a gasoline car, and also gets higher fuel efficiency
than a gasoline car or hybrid, the equivalent of 74 miles per gallon of gas.39 The company
planned to ship 200 of the Clarity to customers in Southern California who can lease it
for three years at US$600 a month.
Barriers to Entry and Imitation
The barriers to entry into the non-petroleum-powered automobile market segment are
high. The hybrid technology for vehicles such as the Prius is well understood by the
major automobile companies and many of them have developed and marketed their
own version of electric/gasoline hybrid vehicles. The all-electric and hydrogen fuel-cell
automobiles are unique technologies that require resources to develop. In this segment,
the energy storage and motor technologies are barriers to new competitors. Rechargeable battery systems and fuel cells are newer technologies that require large investments
in research and development. A competitor would need to develop its own technologies
or partner with another company to acquire these resources.
Proprietary Technology
As electric vehicles are a newer technology, Tesla’s innovation has led it to have some
unique resources in technology and intellectual property over its competitors. Tesla’s
proprietary technology includes cooling systems, safety systems, charge balancing systems, battery engineering for vibration and environmental durability, customized motor
design and the software and electronics management systems necessary to manage battery and vehicle performance under demanding real-life driving conditions. These technology innovations have resulted in an extensive intellectual property portfolio—as of
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February 3, 2011, the company had 35 issued patents and approximately 280 pending
patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and internationally in a broad range of areas.40 These patents and innovations are not easily duplicated by competitors.
A second unique resource that a company developing electric vehicles would require
would be its battery cell design. Tesla’s current battery strategy incorporates proprietary
packaging using cells from multiple battery suppliers.41 This allows the company to limit
the power of its battery supply chain. The company also has announced a partnership
with Panasonic to jointly collaborate on next-generation battery development.
Inherent to the requirements for an electric automobile company is the knowledge
and skills of the workforce. Tesla believes that its roots in Silicon Valley have enabled
it to recruit engineers with strong skills in electrical engineering, power electronics, and
software engineering to aid it in development of its electric vehicles and components.42
Being one of the first to market with a high-performance EV also gives the company
a first-mover advantage in experience and branding.
Tesla has an agreement with the automobile manufacture Lotus for the supply
of its Roadster vehicle bodies. The company entered into a supply agreement in 2005
with Lotus that requires Tesla to purchase a certain number of vehicle chassis and any
additional chassis will require a new contract of redesign to a new supplier.43 This places
a large dependence on Lotus to both fulfil the existing contract and also gives them
significant power in the event that Tesla requires additional Roadster units.
Tesla is dependent on its single battery cell supplier. The company designed the
Roadster to be able to use cells produced by various vendors, but to date there has only
been one supplier for the cells fully qualified. The same is also true for the battery cells
used for battery packs that Tesla supplies to other OEMs.44 Any disruption in the supply of battery cells from its vendors could disrupt production of the Roadster or future
vehicles and the battery packs produced for other automobile manufacturers.45
External Opportunities and Threats
Electric vehicle companies may be able to take advantage of many of the opportunities
with the continuous shift toward green energy. President Barack Obama has publicly
committed to funding “green” or alternative energy initiatives through various vehicles.46 In his 2011 State of the Union Address, the President set a goal of getting one
million electric cars on the road by 2015.47 Within the United States, various federal and
state governmental agencies are currently supporting loan programs through the likes of
the Department of Energy and the California Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program.
The tragic Louisiana BP oil spill that took place from April to May 2010 intensified the
focus on decreasing U.S. dependence on petroleum products. It also highlighted the fact
that while alternative energy is currently more expensive to produce than conventional
energy, there are hidden environmental and human costs that must be taken into consideration when making this comparison. This increased focus on alternative energy has
been beneficial for the EV industry, benefiting both Tesla and its competitors. Due in
part to this increase in funding, Tesla is competing in an industry that is expanding, making its absolute market share less relevant than how fast it is growing its market share.
Despite the new dawn of interest and pledges for funding alternative energy, many
plans for funding will never come to fruition. Currently in the United States, there
is a massive budget deficit, and members of the Republican Party have focused their
demands for budget cuts in the “discretionary spending” arena, which is where alternative energy funding falls. Notably, some of the cuts proposed would seriously affect
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programs funding energy efficiency, renewable energy, and the DOE Loan Guarantee
Authority.48 The EV industry has very few lobbyists compared to the traditional car and
petroleum industry, and so is more vulnerable to being targeted in budget cuts. These
cuts represent a serious threat to the continued development of the alternative energy
and electric car industry. For EVs to come into widespread use, the United States must
develop an EV-charging infrastructure, and this will need the support of both state and
federal government in the form of both funding and regulation.
Not only is the federal government facing budget cuts, but the state of California is
also dealing with massive shortfalls and reductions in services and funding. This is especially important to Tesla since it operates its manufacturing in California, and one of its
largest target markets is California, due to the strict emissions regulation and traditional
green focus of Californians.
There are also many regulations to which companies developing electric vehicles are
subjected. A topic of current interest is the upcoming change in how the range of electric vehicles is calculated—a regulation determined by the EPA. It is thought that the
new calculation will result in a lower advertised range for all the electric vehicles, which
may make their superiority over traditional petroleum-based vehicles less prevalent.
There are also numerous safety requirements that EVs must adhere to, governed by the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Companies that produce less than 5000
cars for sale and have three product lines or less can qualify for a gradual phase-in regulation for advanced airbag systems and other safety requirements. Similarly, in Europe,
smaller companies are currently exempt from many of the safety testing regulations, and
are currently allowed to operate under the “Small Series Whole Vehicle Type Approval.”
Additionally, battery safety and testing is regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration, which is based on UN guidelines regarding the safe
transport of hazardous materials. These guidelines ensure that the batteries will perform
or travel safely when undergoing changes in altitude, temperature, vibrations, shocks,
external short circuiting, and overcharging.
Other regulatory issues include automobile manufacturer and dealer regulations,
which are set on a state-by-state basis. In some United States states, such as Texas, it is
not legal for the dealer and manufacturer to be owned by the same company. Therefore,
these regulations would impact the market penetration levels that a company wishing
to utilize a distribution model based on being able to both manufacture and sell its cars
through its own wholly owned dealerships would be able to reach in certain states.
An interesting, though potentially costly, new regulation is the minimum noise
requirements, mandated by the Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act of 2010 signed
in January 2011. There have been concerns that since electric cars are so much quieter
than their combustion-engine counterparts that their design must be somehow altered
to increase the amount of noise they generate in order to make them easier to hear by
people with impaired vision. These regulations are likely to take effect by 2013 and could
alter electric vehicle designs.
The macroeconomic conditions of 2011 and the outlook for the near future is slow
but continued growth,49 in contrast to the past several years of economic retraction. In
recent years, American buyers, and indeed buyers in most parts of the world, have cut
back on discretionary purchases in light of high unemployment and general economic
uncertainty. The economic recovery has created more demand for higher-priced luxury
vehicles.
The largest component of what makes an electric vehicle attractive from a financial
standpoint is the savings in traditional fuel costs. There is a huge difference between the
cost of electricity to recharge an electric vehicle versus the cost of gas to fuel a conventional vehicle. Hence, as oil prices increase, the financial incentive to purchase an electric
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vehicle increases as well. Additionally, the variability of oil prices means that owners of
conventionally powered vehicles cannot predict what their fuel costs for the year will
be with any confidence. Thus, the much more stable costs of electricity make an electric
vehicle more desirable. It is not likely that the cost of oil will ever see a sustained and
significant drop in price, nor is it likely that the cost of oil will ever be as stable as the
cost of electricity, creating a sustained advantage over traditionally powered vehicles.
Electric vehicle manufacturers are currently riding the wave of environmental
consciousness that began in the 1960s, and has been slowly gaining momentum since.
The “Green movement” encourages people to make choices that lessen their negative
impact on the environment, and to use resources that are renewable. Alternative fuel
products fit this description, by both reducing consumer demand for oil and eliminating
harmful emissions during use. For the time being, electric vehicles still leave a noticeable
“footprint,” though one not nearly as large as a conventional car.
Challenges to Adoption of Electric Cars:
Consumer Perceptions
Consumer perceptions of electric vehicles are a huge challenge to adoption. Many people think of electric vehicles as being underpowered, clunky looking, hard to charge,
quirky, and undependable. Public experience with traditional vehicles and their concerns
about the newness of alterative fuel vehicles must be overcome.
Additionally, the absence of a public infrastructure for recharging electric vehicle
batteries introduces a “Which came first – the chicken or the egg?” paradox: There is no
infrastructure because there are not enough electric vehicles, and part of the reason why
there are not many electric vehicles is because there is no infrastructure to support them.
For the time being, consumers must charge their vehicles either at home, or possibly at
their place of work. This limits the electric vehicle driving range, which has a negative
impact on the image of electric vehicles with consumers.
Another concern that consumers have when considering an alternative energy vehicle is the cost. Electric vehicles, as well as most alternative fuel vehicles, cost significantly
more than traditional vehicles of similar style and performance. This is due both to the
cost of the research and development and the high cost of materials, particularly for the
battery cells.50 Additionally, the production of low environmental impact products is in
most cases more expensive than their conventionally produced counterparts. So long
as there are areas of the world willing to sacrifice the environment (natural resources,
air, water, waste production) to create low-cost products, this dynamic will continue.
The EV industry is hampered by the public view of the limited range of vehicles in
comparison to traditional gasoline cars. In recent years, there has been much advancement in the ways of sustainable energy. High gas prices along with increased awareness
on environmental impacts have become the catalysts for new research into sustainability.
There has been an increase in new battery technology that is an opportunity for the
electric vehicle industry. Currently, the most viable battery for an electric vehicle, that
also provides performance, is the lithium-ion battery (is the same type found in your
laptop). Companies like Planar Energy are now coming out with “solid state, ceramiclike” batteries that could potentially provide more energy for a lower cost.51 With these
new advances, there is a distinct opportunity for electric car companies to create a better
performing and less expensive vehicle. Electric vehicle companies that can develop battery architectures that cross this limited mileage chasm will have positive implications
in the public view. Tesla is credited to have one of the industry’s best batteries, and it
is on the cutting edge of innovative technology. This type of innovative technology is
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what distinguishes Tesla from other competitors in its industry, and will continue to set
it apart across contexts in the market.
Electric vehicles are also reliant on a network of available power sources. Though
infrastructure is currently limited, companies like GE are already planning a rollout of
EV charging stations to be sold to households, companies, and local governments. 52 The
U.S. government has set out to aid in the building of electric vehicle charging stations,
with government grants supporting the installation of the electric-car charging stations
in areas such as San Francisco and Oregon, which will soon host 15,000 stations around
the state, some of them public.53 An increase in charging station technology and infrastructure should broaden the demand for electric vehicles that is still encumbered by
beliefs of limited service and “refueling” capabilities.
Along with the advantages of technological innovations in electric vehicle designs,
there are also respective weaknesses to consider, including the amount of time necessary
to charge a battery and the limited driving range per charge. Currently, Tesla has reduced
the recharge time of its battery cell to 45 minutes, but this is a long time compared to the
few minutes that it takes cars to refuel at the gas pump. Coupled with the recharge time of
the battery cells is the limited range of electric vehicles. For owners of conventional cars
who are used to having a range of 300 miles or more, with a refilling time of 3 to 4 minutes, the limited range and recharging options of EVs can seem very restrictive. However,
the average American driver travels only 35 miles per day, and the average trip length is
only 10 miles.54 More importantly, long distance trips (more than 100 miles, accounting
for less than 1% of all trips) made by American drivers have a median distance of 194
miles.55 This indicates that most drivers will very infrequently be driving non-stop for
more than 245 miles, making range a virtual non-issue. However, while the facts may be
different from perception, it is the perception of consumers that will drive their purchasing behavior, thus still making the range issue a serious concern for EV manufacturers.
The second issue with batteries is their end-of-life concerns. Rechargeable batteries, over time, will become less efficient, and will no longer hold their charge as well as
when the battery was new. The same issue exists with electric vehicle batteries. Tesla
estimates that after 100,000 miles or seven years, the Roadster’s battery will only operate at 60%–65% efficiency.56 This decrease in battery performance will decrease the
range of the car, and will start taking place well before the 100,000 mile/7-year marker.
Proper battery disposal is another issue. At this time, there are not many battery disposal
facilities due to the limited electric vehicle market to date.
Finally, maintenance of electric vehicles is a concern, given the paucity of many
adequately trained repair facilities and the low market penetration of the cars. There
simply are not many EVs on the road, and conventional car repair shops do not have
proper training in the repair of electric vehicles. This can have a detrimental effect on
adoption of EVs.
In recent years, international emerging markets have increased their infrastructures
and stratification of wealth and the current consumer demographic is better equipped to
afford more expensive vehicles as a result. Additionally, there is a growing global awareness and commitment to developing sustainable and “green” energy and innovations.
These factors may increase opportunities for sales of EVs in these markets.
Oil Price
The rising cost of oil is also a major opportunity for electric vehicle manufacturers to cultivate a great presence in the market, due to the demand of consumers to seek alternative types of vehicles, including electric. The global future of the EV market is promising
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based on the current trends in oil cost, consumption, and awareness about conservation.
Global economic policies, such as the Kyoto protocol, advance the cause of environmentally sustainable products, such as electric vehicles. However, every country has
the choice to either ratify these protocols, or not. This lack of accountability means that
the financial and political support of environmentally sustainable products are highly
variable, and can affect the favorability and feasibility of selling electric vehicles in every
country in which they are sold or manufactured.
Finances
Revenues at Tesla Motors are derived from sales that are recognized from two sources,
sales of the Roadster and sales of Tesla’s patented electric power train components (see
Exhibit 1). Coinciding with the sales of the Roadster, Tesla recognizes income from the
sale of vehicle options and accessories, vehicle service and maintenance, and the sale of
Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) credits.
Zero-Emission Vehicle credits are required by the State of California to ensure
auto manufacturers design vehicles to meet strict eco-friendly guidelines. Credits are
acquired by producing and selling vehicles that meet a minimum emission level in an
attempt to offset the pollutants produced by mainstream vehicles. If a manufacturer
chooses not to design ZEV vehicles, it is able to purchase credits from companies such
as Tesla, who only produces electric vehicles and does not have to accrue credits. Tesla
has realized sales of US$14.5 (see Exhibit 2), million in ZEV credits since 2008.
Total quarterly revenues at Tesla have been increasing steadily throughout 2010, but
no definitive year-over-year positive trends can be established from Tesla’s sales data.
Two trends that do appear to be gaining in the most recent fiscal year are foreign sales
and sales of power train components and related sales.
Tesla’s cash position (see Exhibit 5) is currently in a less than optimal position.
Through its IPO, Tesla was able to raise US$226 million in June of 2010 and has also
EXHIBIT 1
1800
Tesla Projected
sales, in Us$ millions
Other
1600
Bluestar
Model S
1400
Roadster
In $ Millions
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
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2009
2010E
2011E
2012E
2013E
2014E
2015E
2016E
2017E
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EXHIBIT 2
automotive sales
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Automotive sales consisted of the following for the periods presented (in thousands):
Vehicle, options and related sales
Power train component and related sales
2010
2009
2008
US$75,459
21,619
$97,078
$111,555
388
$111,943
$14,742
—
$14,742
been able to take advantage of state and federal programs to raise capital at low prices
due to its investment in alternative energy programs. These sources of cash offer the
company the ability to meet its current obligations, but revenues (see Exhibits 3 and 4)
have not been able to match expenses, resulting in the company’s largest net loss yet of
US$51 million in December of 2010. The United States Department of Energy (DOE)
loaned Tesla US$465 million at the beginning of the year, so no matter what, Tesla has
to manage a “mountain of debt.”57 This specific loan has various restrictions that are
structured around the progress of the Model S and several financial ratios. Tesla stands
to lose revenue if the Model S delays, since the DOE loan pays in installments as the
Model S reaches various development and production benchmarks. Although debt as a
EXHIBIT 3
Income statement
(2010)
The following table includes selected quarterly results of operations data for the years
ended December 31, 2010 and 2009
(in thousands, except per share data):
Three Months Ended
2010
Total Revenue
Gross profit
Net loss
Net loss per share,
basic and diluted
2009
Total Revenue
Gross profit
Net loss
Net loss per share,
basic and diluted
EXHIBIT 4
Revenue by Region
Mar 31
Jun 30
Sept 30
Dec 31
US$20,812
3,852
(29,519)
(4.04)
$28,405
6,261
(38,517)
(5.04)
$31,241
9,296
(34,935)
(0.38)
$36,286
11,321
(51,158)
(0.54)
$20,886
(2,046)
(16,016)
$26,945
2,101
(10,867)
$45,527
7,699
(4,615)
$18,585
1,781
(24,242)
(2.31)
(1.56)
(0.66)
(3.43)
The following table sets forth revenue by geographic area (in thousands):
Revenues
North America
Europe
Asia
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Cf
2010
2009
2008
$ 41,866
70,542
4,336
$116,744
$ 90,833
21,110
—
$111,943
$14,742
—
—
$14,742
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EXHIBIT 5
Tesla 2010
Financial
Highlights
All info as of 12/31/2010 (in thousands)
Sales: US$97,078
Net Profit: (US$154,328)
Operating Margin: (125.78%)
Receivables: US$6710
Cash Assets: US$99,558
Inventory: US$45,182
Total Debt: US$71,828
percent of total capital increased at Tesla Motors, Inc. over the last fiscal year to 25.96%,
it is still in line with the automobile industry’s norm. Additionally, there are enough
liquid assets to satisfy current obligations.58
Marketing
Tesla’s internal marketing situation has to operate with many limitations stemming from
the company’s infancy and its lack of resources. Looking at the product offerings, the
only vehicle Tesla currently has on the market is the Roadster, a sporty two-seater priced
at US$108,000 and up. The high price tag puts it firmly in competition with other luxury
vehicles as opposed to other electric vehicles. The key demographic market for luxury cars
are white males, 45 and older, who are married, have no kids, and make over US$75,000
a year. Primary considerations for this group when purchasing a luxury vehicle are performance, design, and safety, while factors such as financing, the environment, and gas mileage are not important.59 The Roadster does deliver on aesthetics and performance, but it
is questionable whether or not its electric motor will be an effective differentiator. Bearing
this in mind, Tesla needs to focus on early adopters and environmentalists, who also have
the resources to afford their car. One could argue that this is a narrow market segment.
In 2012, Tesla will roll out the Model S, a premium four-door sedan that will be
variably priced at US$57,000 for the lowest range, US$67,000 for the mid range, and
US$77,000 at the top of the range. This lower-priced vehicle will target larger families
and a greater-sized market. Unless it can lower the price point, this will still be a difficult
sell, as households with children have less disposable income and accumulated wealth.
Demand for electric cars is also estimated to remain below 10% until at least 2016,
because of perceptions of high cost for marginal utility.60 Two advantages Tesla does
have on price, however, are the US$7500 government tax credit for buying fuel-efficient
vehicles, and the low cost of maintenance and fuel.
Aside from a minimal product offering, Tesla is also limited by its distribution and
fulfilment infrastructure. At the moment, Tesla has a mix of brick-and-mortar dealerships in premium locations, along with regional sales representatives, and online ordering. North America has 10 stores and four reps, Europe has seven stores and four reps,
and Asia has one store and two reps. Over the next few years, Tesla plans to open
50 stores in preparation of the Model S rollout. To ease its current lack of fulfilment
capabilities, Tesla sales representatives will arrange a test drive in your location and
organize vehicle delivery. This is an inexpensive way to increase its distribution capabilities without investing in physical stores. This might also hinder sales though, given
that the key demographic for luxury vehicles rely on car dealerships as the second most
influential outlet on what car to buy.61
Tesla could ramp up distribution by allowing existing dealerships to sell its cars but
chooses not to, preferring a customized sales approach where it has complete control
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over its message. To compliment direct sales, the company has avoided traditional advertising in lieu of product placement, Internet ads, and event marketing. It is adept at turning current customers into vocal brand ambassadors. The company website is littered
with quotes from owners and industry reviewers singing its praises. This promotion
strategy is a clear strength for Tesla, especially considering that recommendations from
friends and relatives, as well as general word of mouth, are the most influential factors
for a luxury/sports car’s key demographic.
The Tesla brand is also inherently tied to the environmental/green movement.
Because of this, it has been able to generate a lot of free media publicity.
Operations
Tesla is headquartered in Palo Alto, California, where it also manufactures its power
trains, battery packs, motors, and gearbox. The body and chassis for the Roadster are
manufactured by Lotus in Hethel, England, and then are fully assembled in Menlo Park,
California, for U.S. buyers, or Wymondham, England, for European and Asian customers. For the upcoming launch of the Model S, Tesla is building a new factory in Fremont,
California, that will have a capacity of 20,000 cars per year.
Tesla’s main operating strength lies in its intellectual property and its patents. Currently, Tesla has 35 issued patents with another 280 pending. Proprietary components
include power train technology, safety systems, charge balancing, battery engineering
for vibration and environmental durability, motor design, and the electricity management system. The company also owns the proprietary software systems that are used
to manage efficiency, safety, and controls. Tesla’s software is designed to be updatable,
and many aspects of the vehicle architecture have been designed so it can be used on
multiple future models.
To boost operational know-how and supplement the revenue Tesla gets from sales
of the Roadster, it also sells Zero-Emission Vehicle credits, and supplies power train
and battery pack components to original equipment manufacturers. Currently, Tesla has
strategic partnerships with Daimler and Toyota, and is providing their electric vehicle
expertise in the development of Daimler’s Smart Car and Toyota’s new RAV4. These
partnerships are an opportunity for Tesla to diversify its revenue streams and network
and access greater supply chains.
As previously mentioned, Tesla has decided to distribute through its own network of
stores and regional sales staff as opposed to selling through established dealer networks.
Despite fulfilment implications, Tesla considers owning its own distribution channel
as a competitive advantage. Channel ownership not only allows for greater operating
efficiency through inventory control, but also gives Tesla control over its sales message,
warranty, price, brand image, and user feedback. The drawbacks to this strategy include
the high capital costs of buying real estate and constructing showrooms and the cost of
additional sales staff.
Currently, over 2000 parts are sourced from 150 suppliers. One major issue with
the current supply structure is that many vendors are the single source. This leaves
Tesla vulnerable to delays and increased costs. Due to limited economies of scale, (as of
December 31, 2010 only 1500 Roadsters were sold) production costs also run high. The
first Roadster was sold in early 2008, but revenues didn’t exceed the costs of production
until the second quarter of 2009. Tesla is still struggling to bring the costs of the Model S
down so it can be profitably sold at US$57,000.
Servicing vehicles presents another challenge for Tesla. Given the complex and
proprietary components of their cars, the average mechanic won’t be able to diagnose
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Tesla Motors, Inc.
and fix issues. Lacking the appropriate physical infrastructure, Tesla sends maintenance
technicians (which it refers to as Rangers) to wherever the car owner lives. The cars
themselves also have advanced diagnostic systems that link up to a server at Tesla’s
headquarters. Issues can be determined prior to sending Rangers out to fix the car,
which saves time and resources. Overall though, this system isn’t as convenient as having
a worldwide infrastructure of third-party repair shops.
This Ranger service system may work for the time being, with only 1500 cars on the
road, but with the anticipated sales of the Model S and subsequent vehicles, the services
infrastructure will have to be greatly expanded. Two ideas that Tesla hopes will come
to fruition are an increase in fast charge stations, and the creation of a battery replacement network. The latter harkens back to the days where cowboys would exchange tired
horses for fresh steeds. In anticipation of this, the Model S will incorporate removable
battery packs.
Human Resources
Tesla Motors operates more like a software company than a car company, and innovation is top priority. CEO Elon Musk is a serial entrepreneur who has stocked his
executive team with half-techie, half-business hybrid employees who are former industry leaders. Taking a cue from Google, the environment is fast paced and culturally
unstructured. Employees are encouraged to challenge norms, think outside the box, and
commit time to innovation. In order to boost teamwork and eliminate departmental
silos, most staff work in an open room with no walls. Tesla prides itself on solutions
created through an integration of all departments working side by side. An explanation for this corporate culture can be found in the hiring of Human Resources director,
Arnnon Geshuri, who was the former director of staffing and operations at Google.
Because of the emphasis on technology and innovation, the majority of manufacturing
is done in California, as opposed to areas with lower labor costs, due to the abundance
of top-quality engineers.
Due to the extreme importance of Tesla’s intellectual capital, it is imperative to have
happy employees. Aside from being able to get in on the ground floor of an innovative
new company, employees are also given competitive salaries, benefits, an aesthetically
pleasing office space, and “meaningful equity.”
Currently, Tesla has about 900 employees, including 212 in the power train and R&D
department, 170 in vehicle design and engineering, 121 in sales and marketing, 79 in the
service department, and 213 in the manufacturing department. Tesla is currently looking
to hire more graduating engineering students and sales staff, especially those who have
had some hands-on experience. Recruiting and retaining the best talent is a paramount
goal, because of difficulties arising from Tesla’s capacity to design, test, manufacture,
and sell at the same time.
Tesla’s Future: Success or Bust?
In a nutshell, Tesla has limited sales in a limited market, and is making low margins due
to high product costs and the lack of economies of scale. However, if oil prices continue
to climb toward US$200 a barrel and new electric cars, such as the Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf, catch on with consumers, the upside for Tesla could be enormous. Can Tesla
reach the tipping point? Or will it become just a footnote in automotive history? Time
will tell.
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المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم
الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Assignment 2
Strategic Management (MGT 401)
Due Date: 02/11/2024 @ 23:59
Course Name: Strategic Management
Student’s Name:
Course Code: MGT 401
Student’s ID Number:
Semester: 1
CRN:
Academic Year:2024-25-1st
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name:
Students’ Grade:
/10
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
General Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
Learning Outcomes:
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CLO1-PLO1.1- Recognize the basic concepts and terminology used in Strategic Management.
CLO1-PLO1.3 -Describe the different issues related to environmental scanning, strategy formulation, and strategy
implementation in diversified organizations.
CLO3-PLO2.2- Explain the contribution of functional, business, and corporate strategies to the competitive advantage of
the organization.
CLO4-PLO2.3-Distinguish between different types and levels of strategy and strategy implementation.
CLO6-PLO3.1-Communicate issues, results, and recommendations coherently, and effectively regarding appropriate
strategies for different situations
Case study
Assignment Question(s):
Read carefully the mini case No. 18 from your textbook (entitled ‘Tesla Motors Inc.) and answer the
following questions: (2 marks for each question)
1. Describe the different functional strategies of the Tesla Motors company.
2. Describe the relationship of Tesla Motors with its primary stakeholders.
3. Discuss any strategic alliance (acquisition, outsourcing, joint venture, ….) that Tesla Motors uses.
Why did this company choose it? was it successful? Justify your answer.
4. Describe the core competency and assess the competitive advantage of Tesla Motors in its
market.
5. Recommend solutions for Tesla Motors to improve its competitive advantage.
Answers
1.
2.
…
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