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Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions
Tenth Edition
Chapter 4
Multicultural Perspectives and Diversity issues
Copyright © 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
1
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
4-1 Understand basic terminology related to multiculturalism and diversity
4-2 Identify how cultural encapsulation is an ethical matter
4-3 Examine ethics codes from a multicultural/diversity and social justice perspective
4-4 Evaluate a range of cultural values and assumptions in therapy
4-5 Explore ethical issues pertaining to sexual orientation
Copyright © 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
2
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
4-6 Understand ethical issues in working with people with disabilities
4-7 Clarify when matching of client and counselor is important
4-8 Explain how unintentional racism and microaggressions affect clients
4-9 Discuss what is involved in developing multicultural competence
Copyright © 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
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Need for Multicultural Emphasis
Counselors have an ethical responsibility to provide professional services that demonstrate respect for the cultural worldviews, values, and traditions of culturally diverse clients.
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Multicultural Terminology (1 of 2)
Culture
Ethnicity
Oppressed group
Multiculturalism
Multicultural counseling
Cultural diversity
Diversity
Cultural pluralism
Cultural diversity Competence
Cultural empathy
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Multicultural Terminology (2 of 2)
Culture-centered Counseling
Cultural awareness
Social justice work in counseling
Cultural tunnel vision
Globally literate counselors
Sterotypes
Racism
Unintentional racism
Cultural racism
Microaggressions
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The Problem of Cultural Tunnel Vision
Cultural pluralism is a perspective that recognizes the complexity of cultures and values the diversity of beliefs and values.
Cultural tunnel vision is a perception of reality based on a very limited set of cultural experiences.
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Culturally Encapsulated Counselor
Defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions
Shows insensitivity to cultural variations among individuals
Accepts unreasoned assumptions without proof or ignores proof because that might disconfirm one’s assumptions
Fails to evaluate other viewpoints and makes little attempt to accommodate the behavior of others
Is trapped in one way of thinking that resists adaptation and rejects alternatives
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Reaching Diverse Client Populations
Multicultural counseling competencies provide a framework for effective delivery of services to diverse client populations.
In some cases, cultural traditions contribute to the underutilization of traditional psychotherapeutic services by clients from diverse groups.
Many clients have come to distrust helpers associated with the establishment or with social service agencies because of a history of unequal treatment.
The medical model of clinical counseling is often not a good fit for people of lower socioeconomic status.
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Ethics Codes From a Diversity Perspective
Most ethics codes address diversity
Reliance on ethics codes alone does not guarantee multicultural competence.
Most contemporary theories of therapy are grounded in Western assumptions
Most of the world differs from mainstream U.S. culture.
Helpers need to reflect on their own assumptions and challenge stereotypical beliefs and cultural bias.
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Examining Common Assumptions (1 of 2)
Assumption: Self-disclosure is a characteristic of a healthy personality.
Fact: Some clients view self-disclosure and interpersonal warmth as inappropriate in a professional relationship with an authority figure.
Assumption: Directness and assertiveness are desirable qualities.
Fact: In some cultures, directness is perceived as rudeness and something to be avoided.
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Examining Common Assumptions (2 of 2)
Assumption: It is important for clients to become authentic and self-actualized.
Fact: A creative synthesis between self-actualization and responsibility to the group may be a more realistic goal for some clients.
Assumption: Direct eye contact is a sign of interest and presence, and a lack thereof is a sign of being evasive.
Fact: Many cultural expressions are subject to misinterpretation, including eye contact, silence, personal space, handshaking, dress, formality of greeting, and so on.
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Addressing Sexual Orientation (1 of 2)
The mental health system has finally begun to treat the problems of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people rather than treating them as the problem.
Counselors must examine their own views regarding heterosexuality, racism, and sexism to better understand and deal with any biases they may have toward working with LGBT clients.
Work with LGBT clients needs to include recognition of societal factors that contribute to oppression and discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.
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Addressing Sexual Orientation (2 of 2)
It is both inappropriate and unprofessional to convey intolerance to LGBT clients.
Practitioners need to understand that heterosexism pervades social and cultural foundations of many institutions and often contributes to negative attitudes toward LGBT people.
The Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling has developed a set of competencies for counselors in training.
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The Culture of Disability
People with chronic medical, physical, and mental disabilities represent the largest minority and disadvantaged group in the United States.
People with disabilities are part of a misunderstood culture because they do not conform to the socially determined and accepted standards of normalization, beauty, physical attractiveness, and being able-bodied.
Disabilities in U.S. society are even more prevalent as a result of prolonged and sustained military action in war zones around the world.
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Serving the Disability Community (1 of 2)
The foundational principle in counseling persons with disabilities is to treat the person first rather than treat the disability.
Diagnostic labels and classifications alone are not helpful in understanding a client’s unique differences and predicting or describing his or her functional capacity.
Achieving optimal levels of psychosocial functioning with the individual based on his or her abilities defines best practices in working with persons with disabilities.
Given the decreased functional capacity and severity of some disabilities, many counselors take on the natural role of client advocate.
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Serving the Disability Community (2 of 2)
Acting as client advocate involves the integration of a variety of professional activities facilitating empowerment strategies critical to ensure client independence.
The most helpful role of the counselor is to form a collaborative relationship with clients.
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Matching Client and Counselor
Diversity includes factors such as culture, religion, race, ability, age, gender, sexual orientation, education, and socioeconomic level.
It is impossible to match client and therapist in all areas of potential diversity, which means that all encounters with clients are diverse, at least to some degree.
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Addressing Unintentional Racism and Microaggressions
Racial microaggressions: brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of other races.
Color blindness: a racial microaggression
When a client reports feeling alienated in the workplace because he or she is the only person of color employed there, a color-blind counselor might minimize his or her concerns.
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Multicultural Training
All counseling students, regardless of their racial or ethnic background, should receive training in multicultural counseling and therapy.
Multicultural competencies: a set of knowledge and skills that are essential to the culturally skilled practitioner.
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Multicultural Training Terminology
Self-exploratory journey
Coursework
Internship
Experiential approaches to training
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