i need help making a rough draft and research paper final. i have my outline ready but need help
this is my outline: .Xenophobia and Immigration Enforcement in the United States: A Case for Abolishing ICE
Introduction
Topic Overview: The study will examine the historical causes of xenophobia in the immigration policy of the U.S and its present day during the administration of the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) . It looks at the claims to end ICE and gives suggestions on which alternative can be used to create a more humane system.
Thesis statement: Xenophobia is an ongoing cause that has been driving the policies of immigration in the U.S where an abusive system of enforcing the law by means of ICE must be replaced by a compliance oriented non punitive model to enhance effectiveness and limit damages.
Main argument: The historical trend of marginalization shows that anti-immigrants feelings are not novel but repetitive usually due to the fear of economic instability and racial discrimination. The present operation od ICe reinforces cruelty and ineffectiveness, criminalization of immigrants require the shift of perspective to support people.
· Sources: The book by Erika Lee (reviewed by the Radical Teacher), the article by Peter L. Markowitz, as well as the primary sources such as open letters demanding the defunding of ICE.
Historical Context of Xenophobia in U.S Immigration
Subtopic 1: Early waves of Xenophobia (19th Century)
Main argument: Xenophobia was directed at such groups, as the Irish catholic who believed were a threat to American values,the Chinese immigrants who were the target of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, the first federal law prohibiting an ethics group. Racial stereotypes and economic competition promotes quotes and literacy tests.
Key points: Many main arguments that Lee presents and the idea in American history is that xenophobia is the rule rather than exception and politicians do capitalize on people being afraid to gain political capital.
Subtopic 2: 20th Century Escalations and Targeting based on races
Main argument : policies targeting Japanese ( ex: interment in the course of WWII), Mexicant (ex: Operation Wetback mass deportation in the 1950s) and Europeans ( ex the Immigrantio Act of 1924 in support of Northern European) were all based on nativism. The xenophobia changed to Cold War phobia and hence to Latin American and Muslim immigrants after WWll.
Key points: Xenophobia was combined with racism as discussed in the book in connection with the deportation of over a million Mexicans in the 1930s most U.S citizens and Islamophobia of today in the post 9/11 era.
Subtopic 3 : Relation to Current Problems.
Main arguments:The historical trends shaped the present day policies,including the border wall and family division which reflect the ongoing xenophobic attitude in the United States despite the nation of immigrants narrative.
Key points: The review gives glowing review of Lee to the extent that his researched history connects historical exclusion to outweigh era actions and points out that anti-immigrant language frequently conceals economic anxieties.
Sources: Erika Lee is the main source of her book, as well as the review of it by Eva Ritcher,which highlights one of the main points of xenophobia which is cyclical and affects several policies.
III. Recent Problems in U.S. Immigration Enforcement: The place of ICE.
Subtopic 1: Overview and History of the ICE.
· Main arguments: The system was set up by DHS after 9/11 positioning immigration as an issue of security through the ICE division disconnects enforcement with services (through USCIS), resulting in a punitive emphasis that is irrelevant to real terrorism.
· Key points: Since 2003, the budget has surged to levels higher than that of all other federal criminal enforcement, spending has increased to 7.5 billion in 2018, and despite that, the illegal immigrant population has increased by 70%.
Subtopic 2: Abuses and Ineffectiveness.
· Main arguments: The strategies of ICE involve family separations, imprisonment of children, medical neglect and in-custodial deaths, which have been labeled as barbaric. It is not efficient and mass deportations cannot prevent migration at the expense of resources.
· Key points: Markowitz states that ICE is dishonest, racist, and rogue and is not only breaking the law but also sending possible immigrants on the way to deportation rather than legal opportunities. Evidence demonstrates that undocumented immigrants are not a greater criminal threat and they have a positive economic impact through taxation.
Subtopic 3: Broader Systemic Impacts.
· Main arguments: ICE is the integration of civil immigration and criminal justice that advances the mass detention and deportation of individuals, which is not only harmful to families and communities, but also not effective at enhancing compliance.
· Key points: Primary documents, such as open letters, are used to point out COVID-19 outbreaks in detention centers that are being mismanaged and call to defund the institution to stop the abuse.
· Sources: The article by Markowitz to offer structural criticisms; original open letters made (such as by the We Are Home Campaign, or the analysis by Kari Hong) to provide evidence of abuse.
IV. Reasons to Abandon or Defund ICE.
Subtopic 1: Origin and Political Momentum.
· Main arguments: Immigrant-rights groups are at the forefront of the Abolish ICE movement, which considers any reform useless if the core problem of ICE is its inherent flaws, and proposes to completely dismantle it.
· Key points: Open letters are aimed at a focus on the demilitarization of immigration, the substitution of the policy of abuses conducted by police with policies that uphold human rights and democracy, as ICE is a threat to human rights and democracy.
Subtopic 2: Ethical and Practical Rationales.
· Main arguments: Abolition will stop savagery (e.g., no prison) and would save billions of dollars, redirecting money to services. Defunding puts emphasis on humanitarian alternatives rather than enforcement machines such as the ERO.
· Key Points: Hong provides 10 reasons, such as the fact that ICE has a history of rights abuses and lacks efficiency, whereas in campaigns such as We Are Home, enforcement reform is a priority in the first 100 days of administrations.
Subtopic 3: Potential Risk and Counterarguments.
· Main arguments: The opponents state that abolition removes the boundaries and the incentives to commit crimes, and the supporters say that the statistics show that this policy can be undone with the risks being very low, and the immigrant population brings benefits.
· Key points: Markowitz disapproves with a high degree of enforcement because deterrence has diminished value and the harms such as the destruction of families are more important.
V. Proposals to a Post-ICE Immigration System.
Subtopic 1: Ideological shift to Compliance Assistance.
· Main arguments: Abolish ICE in favor of a services-based agency (e.g. Health and Human Services) which focused on facilitation rather than punishment, like USCIS.
· Key points: The model was based on IRS or EPA: The priority of helping eligible individuals to acquire status, and compulsory preference of affirmed pathways before deportation.
Subtopic 2: The four pillars of a new enforcement framework.
· Main arguments:(1) Optimal scaling: The deportation level should be reduced to less than 25,000/per annum; (2) Compliance preferences: Redirect funding into expedited processing and further assistance; (3) Proportional consequences: Finances or delays, or services instead of deportations; (4) Minimize coercion: Eliminate detention, legal assistance (increasing appearance rates to 99%), inducements, and reentry help.
· Key points: What Markowitz suggests are legislative templates, partly those to be realized through executive action, would cut down on costs and enhance compliance through fairness.
Subtopic 3: Need for drafting broader reforms.
· Main arguments: Enforcement alone cannot be applied in the situation when the laws beneath the enforcement are unjust, abolish it with the citations to citizenship and human rights based matters.
· Key points: This relates to historical xenophobia, which calls on policies against natives heritages.
· Sources: The proposals by Markowitz; they are mostly supported by open letters promoting the same changes.
VI. Conclusion
· Synthesis: Xenophobia was the force behind the exclusionary policy in the history of the United States, where the abuse system used by ICE is the ultimate failure by all standards. An end to ICE provides a way to effective enforcement that is humane and compliance and well-being orientated.
· Implications: The change would curb wastefulness, secure families, and be compatible with a long immigrant history of the United States but one would have to address deeply held biases.
· Future research: Explore international models and impacts of recent reforms.
References
Hong, K. (2019). 10 reasons why Congress should defund ICE’s deportation force. The Harbinger, 43. https://socialchangenyu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Kari-Hong_-RLSC-The-Harbinger_43.pdf
Lee, E. (2019). America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States. Basic Books.
Markowitz, P. L. (2019). Abolish ICE . . . and then what? The Yale Law Journal Forum, 129, 130-152. https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/abolish-ice-and-then-what
National Immigration Project. (2021). Transforming the immigration system: Executive and legislative priorities. https://nipnlg.org/sites/default/files/2023-05/2021_15Sept_exec-leg-priorities.pdf
Richter, E. (2021). America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States by Erika Lee [Review of the book America for Americans: A history of xenophobia in the United States, by E. Lee]. Radical Teacher, 120, 102-104. https://radicalteacher.library.pitt.edu/ojs/radicalteacher/article/view/962
rubric:
Key Considerations for Students:
- Define Oppression: Students should clearly define what they consider to be oppression in the context of their chosen group. In other words, clearly define what kinds of oppression your chosen group faced and examine the consequences of that oppression.
- Analyze Forms of Resistance: This could include:
- Open Resistance: Protests, boycotts, civil disobedience.
- Covert Resistance: Underground movements, sabotage, cultural preservation.
- Legal and Political Resistance: Lobbying, litigation, political organizing.
- Cultural Resistance: Art, music, literature, religion.
- Evaluate Success: Students should assess the short-term and long-term impact of the resistance efforts. Were their goals achieved? What were the unintended consequences?
- Analyze Lasting Impacts: How has the history of oppression and resistance shaped American society today? What are the ongoing challenges and struggles?
Paper Requirements:
- Five pages in length
- 12-point Times New Roman
- Double spaced
- Chicago Manual of Style citationsLinks to an external site.
- Two primary sources (minimum)
- Two secondary sources (minimum)
- Bibliography
