Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present
First Edition
Chapter 16
American Colonial
England, Spain, France, Germany, and Holland 17th – 19th Centuries
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed:
1) Math Type Plugin
2) Math Player (free versions available)
3) NVDA Reader (free versions available)
1
American Colonial
Beginning late 16th century, European colonists arrive in the New World
Seeking religious or political freedom, wealth
English, Spanish, French, Germans & Dutch bring social & cultural traditions of homeland
Recreate architecture, interiors, furniture, decorative arts knew at home
Most unaware of high-style Renaissance
Medieval & vernacular with exception of Spanish
Settlement patterns originate according to each country’s territorial holdings
But affected by country’s administration of its colonies
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2
England: Concepts & Architecture
Architecture, interiors, furnishings reflect familiar forms of England
Vernacular & medieval
Architecture—public & private–like that of home
Small, functional, little embellishment
Settled times—Tudor, Elizabethan, even classical styles
Plans & materials vary with region
Similar characteristics: steeply pitched gable roof, casement windows, timber-framed construction
Plans—hall, hall & parlor, lean-to within 1,
2 stories
Little thought of symmetry or other classical attributes
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.2
Bruton Parish Church and interior, 1711-1715; Williamsburg, Virginia; plans by Alexander Spotwood. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.3
Adam Thoroughgood House, 1636-1640; Princess Anne County, Virginia. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.4
Floor plan, hall and parlor house with lean-to, 17th century, Connecticut. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The floor plan of the hall and parlor house shows the main entry door, then the entry with steep stairs, small casement windows on the right side of the main entry door, a hall, a parlor, an oven, a central fireplace, a bedroom, a lean-to, kitchen, storage or buttery, another small casement windows in the bedroom, and a rear door.
6
16.5
Parson Capen House, 1683, Topsfield, Massachusetts. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (1 of 5)
Interiors–vernacular & medieval
Modest scale, functional, visible structure
Rough textures, low ceilings, large fireplaces
Multi-functional rooms
Hall—center of family life & used for cooking, eating, socializing, sometimes sleeping
Furniture—early crude and quickly made
Later—closely follows English Elizabethan, Jacobean, William & Mary
Often multifunctional
Some rooms filled with furniture, particularly seating
Chambers usually have more than one bed
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
8
16.7
Recreated interior with 17th-century fireplace and some furnishings; Ipswich, Massachusetts. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The interior is a vernacular and medieval architectural style that has a low ceiling and a large fireplace. There are chairs, and mats placed near the fireplace. Many utensils are arranged. The hall is used for multi-functional purposes.
9
16.8
Hall and chamber (Hart Room), Hart House, before 1674; Ipswich, Massachusetts. English Colonial. [Courtesy, Winterthur Museum]
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
10
16.12
Carver chair, late 17th century; New Haven County, Connecticut. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
11
16.13
Connecticut or Wethersfield chest; 17th century; Hartford, Connecticut. English Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
Connecticut or Wethersfield chest is made from oak wood and in a rectangular shape. This chest has a hinged top to access storage, a stylized tulip at the center and a stylized Tudor rose at the left and right side of the chest, a split spindle, stile, rail, boss, and four drawers.
12
Spain: Concepts, Motifs, Architecture
Impressive buildings establish, emphasize authority & power
More influences from Spanish Renaissance & Baroque
More provincial, adapted to local conditions, labor forces, materials
Motifs—Spanish Renaissance & Baroque, Native American
Architecture—missions & churches main survivors
Built to impress new converts
Unornamented adobe (Southwestern U.S.) to domed & vaulted stone with decorative portals (Texas, Arizona)
Houses for protection from climate & attack instead of style
Materials, construction unlike Spain but similar characteristics
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.16
San Xavier del Bac, 1767-1797; near Tucson, Arizona; Ignacio Gaoma. Spanish Colonial.
*[Substitute image]
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.17
Sand Diego de Alcala Basilica and nave, 1774, rebuilt in 1803, 1812; Sand Diego, California. This was the first mission to be built in California. Spanish Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (2 of 5)
Interiors—contrast of colors, shapes, light, dark
Churches—plain exterior, richly decorated interiors
Baroque devices, light; sculpture; & paintings to impress
Domestic—white-washed walls, dark wood trim & floor
Sparsely but luxuriously & colorfully furnished
Furniture—Spanish prototypes but cruder, provincial
Some brought from Spain, some made locally
Local woods, board construction
Simple form, rectilinear supports
Simple painted or carved decoration
Spindles carved instead of turned
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.20
Sala, Governor’s Palace, 1749; San Antonio, Texas. Spanish Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The Governor’s Palace called Sala had dark wood vigas on the roof and walls were made of adobe or stone and white painted. There were dark wood lintels and a prominent fireplace with a dark wood mantel. The Palace had simply constructed wooden furniture and stone floor.
17
France: Concepts & Architecture
Material culture resembles those in France & settlers’ classes & regions of origin
Architecture—French medieval prototypes adapted to a range of climates
Wood & stone in Canada
Log houses Mississippi River valley
Sophisticated cottages & townhouses in New Orleans
Louisiana plantation houses
Chief house type—small, hipped roof, with or without a porch in all climates
Early plans 1 or 2 rooms; later 2 or 3 rooms and 1 or 2 rooms deep
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.22
Cahokia Courtyard, 1737; Cahokia, Illinois. French Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The Cahokia Courtyard has prominent chimneys, steep and double-pitched roof with shingles and a large overhang, and a wood post support overhang. The courtyard has a French door with a wood panel at the base, a galerie. It is an example of Poteaux sur sole construction.
19
Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (3 of 5)
Multifunctional rooms follow French prototypes
Simple treatments
Paneled or plastered walls; low, beamed ceilings; taller ceilings in warmer climates; dirt or wood floors
Little furniture
Furniture follows French prototypes
Similar construction methods, lines, forms, details
Styles—Louis
Louis
Louis
Louis
continue after out of fashion at home
Simplicity & mixing of styles give provincial appearance
Some built-in
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.24
Keeping Room, Louis Bolduc, 1770-1785; S. Genevieve, Missouri. French Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The keeping room of Louis Bolduc has plastered walls and a wood floor. There is a fireplace and two guns are placed above it. It has a dining table with chairs and plates arranged on the table. Windows are made of wood and have curtains. A wooden cupboard and many other pieces of furniture are present in the room.
21
Germany: Concepts & Architecture
Traditional German medieval building & furnishing patterns
Architecture—rural settlers maintain medieval building traditions into 19th century
Some have collective European heritage, such as stone & wood
Swedes bring log cabins to America; Germans spread them westward
Affluent houses—stone or brick with gable, quoins; others of logs
Texas & Wisconsin—fackwerk, half-timbering
Early houses combine barns, stables, service & living areas under roof
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.25
Klein-Naegelin, 1846; New Braunfels, Texas. Fachwerk construction. German Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
Klein-Naegelin’s house was constructed using stones or bricks with gable and quoins. Walls are made with cedar timbers, then filled solid with sun-baked adobe brick. The porch across the front of the house has five squared, beveled, wood columns. Windows are double-hung and louvered shutters on the front windows.
23
16.26
Muckleroy House, 1840; Round Top (now Henkel Square), Texas. German Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The Muckleroy House has a stone chimney on the end walls. It is a half-story house with low pitched roof. There is a pent roof too. The Muckleroy house is an example of a Dog trot. It is constructed with the log that is evident on the front facade and there is an extended porch for the living area. Lean-to can be seen in the rear for service areas.
24
Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (4 of 5)
Interiors—simple, colorful treatments
Wood floors & colorful rugs
Whitewashed walls with painted patterns
Beamed or plastered ceilings
Furniture—rural & urban
Rural—medieval into 19th century
Urban—influenced by & influences English
Ladder-back chairs with rush seats, painted chests
Fraktur—colorful, hand-decorated texts or documents
Ceramics—slipware & sgraffito ware
Glassware—mostly made by Germans in colonial period
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.27
Painted chest, 1795-1810; Shenandoah Valley County, Virginia: Johannes Spitler. German Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
26
Holland: Concepts & Architecture
Dutch recreate buildings & furnishings from Holland
Strong reciprocity between English & Dutch settlers
Architecture—several house types
Urban row house—gable end faces street with parapet wall in various shapes; shops below living quarters
Other houses identified by roofs—straight-side gable & flared eave
Wood, brick, or stone
Mostly brick with patterns of blue, purple, or gray mixed with red
Raised front-door and stoep or platform
Linear floor plans—three adjacent rooms
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
16.28
Terheun House, c. 1670 and later; Hackensack, New Jersey. Flare-eave roof. Dutch Colonial.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Long Description:
The west elevation shows a flare-eaved roof and chimneys. It has rectangular-shaped windows. The south elevation shows the slanting and flat roofs with chimneys. The windows with pediment. The glass windows are on the facade.
28
Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (5 of 5)
Interiors—more colorful than English
Tiles, ceramics, textiles, paintings
Many are merchants so have objects from around the world
White-washed walls, beamed or plastered ceilings
Large fireplace with hood & cast-iron fireback; tiled surround & ruffled valance hanging from hood
Furniture—reproduces Dutch prototypes, brought from home, or imported
Kas—distinctive Dutch storage piece in Hudson River valley
Beds sometimes built-in
Tin-glazed earthenware (Delft) tiles & objects in blue &
