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IDES 312 American Colonial Chapter 16

Architecture and Interior Design: An Integrated History to the Present

First Edition

Chapter 16

American Colonial

England, Spain, France, Germany, and Holland 17th – 19th Centuries

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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1

American Colonial

Beginning late 16th century, European colonists arrive in the New World

Seeking religious or political freedom, wealth

English, Spanish, French, Germans & Dutch bring social & cultural traditions of homeland

Recreate architecture, interiors, furniture, decorative arts knew at home

Most unaware of high-style Renaissance

Medieval & vernacular with exception of Spanish

Settlement patterns originate according to each country’s territorial holdings

But affected by country’s administration of its colonies

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2

England: Concepts & Architecture

Architecture, interiors, furnishings reflect familiar forms of England

Vernacular & medieval

Architecture—public & private–like that of home

Small, functional, little embellishment

Settled times—Tudor, Elizabethan, even classical styles

Plans & materials vary with region

Similar characteristics: steeply pitched gable roof, casement windows, timber-framed construction

Plans—hall, hall & parlor, lean-to within 1,

2 stories

Little thought of symmetry or other classical attributes

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16.2

Bruton Parish Church and interior, 1711-1715; Williamsburg, Virginia; plans by Alexander Spotwood. English Colonial.

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16.3

Adam Thoroughgood House, 1636-1640; Princess Anne County, Virginia. English Colonial.

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16.4

Floor plan, hall and parlor house with lean-to, 17th century, Connecticut. English Colonial.

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Long Description:

The floor plan of the hall and parlor house shows the main entry door, then the entry with steep stairs, small casement windows on the right side of the main entry door, a hall, a parlor, an oven, a central fireplace, a bedroom, a lean-to, kitchen, storage or buttery, another small casement windows in the bedroom, and a rear door.

6

16.5

Parson Capen House, 1683, Topsfield, Massachusetts. English Colonial.

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Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (1 of 5)

Interiors–vernacular & medieval

Modest scale, functional, visible structure

Rough textures, low ceilings, large fireplaces

Multi-functional rooms

Hall—center of family life & used for cooking, eating, socializing, sometimes sleeping

Furniture—early crude and quickly made

Later—closely follows English Elizabethan, Jacobean, William & Mary

Often multifunctional

Some rooms filled with furniture, particularly seating

Chambers usually have more than one bed

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8

16.7

Recreated interior with 17th-century fireplace and some furnishings; Ipswich, Massachusetts. English Colonial.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Long Description:

The interior is a vernacular and medieval architectural style that has a low ceiling and a large fireplace. There are chairs, and mats placed near the fireplace. Many utensils are arranged. The hall is used for multi-functional purposes.

9

16.8

Hall and chamber (Hart Room), Hart House, before 1674; Ipswich, Massachusetts. English Colonial. [Courtesy, Winterthur Museum]

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10

16.12

Carver chair, late 17th century; New Haven County, Connecticut. English Colonial.

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11

16.13

Connecticut or Wethersfield chest; 17th century; Hartford, Connecticut. English Colonial.

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Long Description:

Connecticut or Wethersfield chest is made from oak wood and in a rectangular shape. This chest has a hinged top to access storage, a stylized tulip at the center and a stylized Tudor rose at the left and right side of the chest, a split spindle, stile, rail, boss, and four drawers.

12

Spain: Concepts, Motifs, Architecture

Impressive buildings establish, emphasize authority & power

More influences from Spanish Renaissance & Baroque

More provincial, adapted to local conditions, labor forces, materials

Motifs—Spanish Renaissance & Baroque, Native American

Architecture—missions & churches main survivors

Built to impress new converts

Unornamented adobe (Southwestern U.S.) to domed & vaulted stone with decorative portals (Texas, Arizona)

Houses for protection from climate & attack instead of style

Materials, construction unlike Spain but similar characteristics

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16.16

San Xavier del Bac, 1767-1797; near Tucson, Arizona; Ignacio Gaoma. Spanish Colonial.

*[Substitute image]

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16.17

Sand Diego de Alcala Basilica and nave, 1774, rebuilt in 1803, 1812; Sand Diego, California. This was the first mission to be built in California. Spanish Colonial.

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Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (2 of 5)

Interiors—contrast of colors, shapes, light, dark

Churches—plain exterior, richly decorated interiors

Baroque devices, light; sculpture; & paintings to impress

Domestic—white-washed walls, dark wood trim & floor

Sparsely but luxuriously & colorfully furnished

Furniture—Spanish prototypes but cruder, provincial

Some brought from Spain, some made locally

Local woods, board construction

Simple form, rectilinear supports

Simple painted or carved decoration

Spindles carved instead of turned

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16.20

Sala, Governor’s Palace, 1749; San Antonio, Texas. Spanish Colonial.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Long Description:

The Governor’s Palace called Sala had dark wood vigas on the roof and walls were made of adobe or stone and white painted. There were dark wood lintels and a prominent fireplace with a dark wood mantel. The Palace had simply constructed wooden furniture and stone floor.

17

France: Concepts & Architecture

Material culture resembles those in France & settlers’ classes & regions of origin

Architecture—French medieval prototypes adapted to a range of climates

Wood & stone in Canada

Log houses Mississippi River valley

Sophisticated cottages & townhouses in New Orleans

Louisiana plantation houses

Chief house type—small, hipped roof, with or without a porch in all climates

Early plans 1 or 2 rooms; later 2 or 3 rooms and 1 or 2 rooms deep

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16.22

Cahokia Courtyard, 1737; Cahokia, Illinois. French Colonial.

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Long Description:

The Cahokia Courtyard has prominent chimneys, steep and double-pitched roof with shingles and a large overhang, and a wood post support overhang. The courtyard has a French door with a wood panel at the base, a galerie. It is an example of Poteaux sur sole construction.

19

Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (3 of 5)

Multifunctional rooms follow French prototypes

Simple treatments

Paneled or plastered walls; low, beamed ceilings; taller ceilings in warmer climates; dirt or wood floors

Little furniture

Furniture follows French prototypes

Similar construction methods, lines, forms, details

Styles—Louis

Louis

Louis

Louis

continue after out of fashion at home

Simplicity & mixing of styles give provincial appearance

Some built-in

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16.24

Keeping Room, Louis Bolduc, 1770-1785; S. Genevieve, Missouri. French Colonial.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Long Description:

The keeping room of Louis Bolduc has plastered walls and a wood floor. There is a fireplace and two guns are placed above it. It has a dining table with chairs and plates arranged on the table. Windows are made of wood and have curtains. A wooden cupboard and many other pieces of furniture are present in the room.

21

Germany: Concepts & Architecture

Traditional German medieval building & furnishing patterns

Architecture—rural settlers maintain medieval building traditions into 19th century

Some have collective European heritage, such as stone & wood

Swedes bring log cabins to America; Germans spread them westward

Affluent houses—stone or brick with gable, quoins; others of logs

Texas & Wisconsin—fackwerk, half-timbering

Early houses combine barns, stables, service & living areas under roof

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16.25

Klein-Naegelin, 1846; New Braunfels, Texas. Fachwerk construction. German Colonial.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Long Description:

Klein-Naegelin’s house was constructed using stones or bricks with gable and quoins. Walls are made with cedar timbers, then filled solid with sun-baked adobe brick. The porch across the front of the house has five squared, beveled, wood columns. Windows are double-hung and louvered shutters on the front windows.

23

16.26

Muckleroy House, 1840; Round Top (now Henkel Square), Texas. German Colonial.

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Long Description:

The Muckleroy House has a stone chimney on the end walls. It is a half-story house with low pitched roof. There is a pent roof too. The Muckleroy house is an example of a Dog trot. It is constructed with the log that is evident on the front facade and there is an extended porch for the living area. Lean-to can be seen in the rear for service areas.

24

Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (4 of 5)

Interiors—simple, colorful treatments

Wood floors & colorful rugs

Whitewashed walls with painted patterns

Beamed or plastered ceilings

Furniture—rural & urban

Rural—medieval into 19th century

Urban—influenced by & influences English

Ladder-back chairs with rush seats, painted chests

Fraktur—colorful, hand-decorated texts or documents

Ceramics—slipware & sgraffito ware

Glassware—mostly made by Germans in colonial period

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16.27

Painted chest, 1795-1810; Shenandoah Valley County, Virginia: Johannes Spitler. German Colonial.

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26

Holland: Concepts & Architecture

Dutch recreate buildings & furnishings from Holland

Strong reciprocity between English & Dutch settlers

Architecture—several house types

Urban row house—gable end faces street with parapet wall in various shapes; shops below living quarters

Other houses identified by roofs—straight-side gable & flared eave

Wood, brick, or stone

Mostly brick with patterns of blue, purple, or gray mixed with red

Raised front-door and stoep or platform

Linear floor plans—three adjacent rooms

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16.28

Terheun House, c. 1670 and later; Hackensack, New Jersey. Flare-eave roof. Dutch Colonial.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Long Description:

The west elevation shows a flare-eaved roof and chimneys. It has rectangular-shaped windows. The south elevation shows the slanting and flat roofs with chimneys. The windows with pediment. The glass windows are on the facade.

28

Interiors, Furnishings, Decorative Arts (5 of 5)

Interiors—more colorful than English

Tiles, ceramics, textiles, paintings

Many are merchants so have objects from around the world

White-washed walls, beamed or plastered ceilings

Large fireplace with hood & cast-iron fireback; tiled surround & ruffled valance hanging from hood

Furniture—reproduces Dutch prototypes, brought from home, or imported

Kas—distinctive Dutch storage piece in Hudson River valley

Beds sometimes built-in

Tin-glazed earthenware (Delft) tiles & objects in blue &

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