See attached.
Reflect and Relate,
6th Edition
Chapter 7: Listening Actively
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Copyright © 2022 Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved.
Listening: A Five-Step Process
Listening:
• Receiving
• Attending
• Understanding
• Responding
• Recalling
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Receiving
Hearing: Sound wave vibrations travel along acoustic
nerves to your brain.
Step 1: Receiving—seeing and hearing
• Noise pollution can cause hearing impairment.
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Attending
Step 2: Attending—devoting attention to the
information you’ve received
• Salience is a factor in determining the extent of
attending.
• Limiting multitasking online improves attention.
• Elevating your attention improves it.
• Mental bracketing: Systematically putting aside
irrelevant thoughts
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Understanding
Step 3: Understanding—interpreting meaning
• New information is housed in short-term memory,
compared with your long-term memory.
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Responding
Step 4: Responding—conveying your attention and
understanding after someone shares
• Feedback: Given while others talk
• Back-channel cues: Signal you’ve paid attention to and
understand specifics
• Paraphrasing: Summarizing others’ comments after
they’ve finished talking
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Recalling
Step 5: Recalling—remembering information
• Mnemonics: Devices that aid memory
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The Five Functions of Listening
Listening functions:
• Listening to comprehend
• Listening to discern
• Listening to analyze
• Listening to appreciate
• Listening to support
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Adapting Your Listening Purpose
Essential part of active listening is adapting your listening
purposes to the changing demands of interpersonal
encounters.
Mediated listening: Receiving/attending
to/understanding/
responding to/recalling sounds and images through media
channels.
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Understanding Listening Styles
Both culture and gender affect listening styles.
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Four Listening Styles
Listening style: Habitual pattern of listening behaviors
• Task-oriented listeners
• Rational listeners
• Critical listeners
• Analytical listeners
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Gender Differences in Listening Styles
Women: More likely to use people-oriented and content-
oriented styles
Men: More likely to use time-oriented and action-oriented
styles
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Culture and Listening Styles
Effective listening varies across cultures.
• In the United States: Time- and action-oriented listening
styles dominate.
• In collectivistic cultures: People- and content-oriented
listening styles dominate.
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Improving Listening Competence
Five types of incompetent listening:
• Selective listening
• Eavesdropping
• Pseudo-listening
• Aggressive listening
• Narcissistic listening
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Selective Listening
Selective listening: Taking in only those bits and pieces
of information that are immediately salient and dismissing
the rest
• To overcome selective listening, practice techniques for
enhancing attention, like mental bracketing.
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Eavesdropping
Eavesdropping: Intentionally and systematically setting
up situations so that you can listen to private
conversations
• Eavesdropping is both inappropriate and unethical.
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Pseudo-Listening
Pseudo-listening: Behaving as if you’re paying attention
when you’re really not
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Aggressive Listening
Aggressive listening (also called ambushing):
Attending to others solely to find an opportunity to attack
them
• Trolls: People who post online messages designed to
annoy others
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Narcissistic Listening
Narcissistic listening: Self-absorbed listening
• Ignoring what others say and redirecting the
conversation to oneself