Leadership Theory and Practice

Chapter 1
Definition and Significance of
Leadership
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Learning Objectives

Define leadership and leadership effectiveness

Discuss the major obstacles to effective leadership

Compare and contrast leadership and management

List the roles and functions of leaders and managers

Explain the changes in organizations and how they affect
leaders

Summarize the debate over the role and impact of leadership in
organizations
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The Leadership Question
Some leaders are focused on getting things
done while others put taking care of their
followers first. Some look at the big picture
and others hone in on the details. Is one
approach better than the other? Which one
do you prefer?
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Definition of Leadership
A leader is any person who influences individuals and groups within
an organization, helps them establish goals, and guides them
toward achievement of those goals, thereby allowing them to be
effective.
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Key Elements of Leadership

Group phenomenon

Interpersonal influence

Goal and action oriented

Assumes hierarchy in a group
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Effectiveness vs. Success
Effective leaders
Successful leaders
 Focus on the work
• Focus on politics and
networking
 Focus on
employees/followers
 Satisfied and
productive
employees
 Take care of
• Promoted quickly
• Network with
outsiders
• Take care of
supervisor
employees/followers
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Key Elements of Effectiveness
1.
Goal achievement
2.
Smooth internal processes
3.
External adaptability
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Definition of Effectiveness
Leaders are effective when their followers achieve their goals, can
function well together, and can adapt to changing demands from
external forces.
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The Leadership Question
Revisited
 Leadership involves the tasks, people,
big picture, details, etc.
 What works depends on the leader, the
followers, and the situation
 Many styles and approaches can work
 Understanding the situation is key
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Why Do We Need Leaders?

To keep groups orderly

To keep focus on group goals

To accomplish complex tasks

To help make sense of the world by providing validation

As a romantic ideal
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Why Leaders Matter

Leadership is one of many factors that affect the
performance of organizations

Leadership can indirectly impact other performance
factors

Leadership is essential in providing vision and direction

Identifying the situations in which leadership matters is
essential

The combination of leaders with followers and other
organizational factors

Makes an impact
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Obstacles to Effective Leadership

Environmental uncertainty

Organizational rigidity

Falling back on old ideas and simplistic solutions

Established organizational culture

Inaccessible research
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Leadership and Management
Managers
Leaders
 Focus on the present
 Focus on the future
 Maintain the status quo
 Create change
 Implement policy
 Initiate policy
 Maintain existing
 Create new culture
culture and structure
 Remain aloof and
and structure
 Establish emotional
objective
bonds with followers
 Use position power
 Use personal power
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‫بريك صالة المغرب ‪‬‬
Managerial Roles

Figurehead

Entrepreneur

Leader

Disturbance handler

Liaison

Resource allocator

Monitor

Negotiator

Disseminator

Spokesperson
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Gender Differences in Roles
Male managers
Female managers
 Unrelenting pace of work
 Calm steady pace of work
 Do a wide variety of tasks
 Frequent breaks
 Frequent interruptions
 Little time to communicate
 Did not perceive interruptions
 Schedule time for
communication
 Few nonwork activities
 Many nonwork activities
 Isolation
 Connected to others
 Identity tied to work
 Multifaceted identities
 Complex network
 Complex network
 Prefer face-to-face
 Prefer face-to-face
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Leader’s Role in Shaping Organizational
Culture
Leader
Vision and
mission
Role
modeling
Reward
system
Hiring
decisions
Strategy
and structure
Organizational
culture
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New Roles for Leaders
Control-oriented leadership
Result-oriented leadership
Plan
Lead
Organize
Control
Plan
and
organize
Lead
Do
Control
Results
Do
Leader assumes responsibility
Results
Follower assumes responsibility
Follower assumes responsibility
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Factors Fueling Change
Increased
global and local
competition
Changes in organizations
and their leadership
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Barriers to Change
 Perceived financial pressures
 Short-term orientation
 Top management still focused on one person
 Traditional organizations
 Employee input and creativity not fully
considered
 Focus on individual rather than group
performance
 Traditional management styles
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What Do You Do?
You have started on a new job, and based on the
interview and discussion with people prior to
accepting the job, you were led to believe that
the company strongly believes in employee
participation, engagement, and flexibility. After a
couple of months of working with your new boss,
however, all you see is command-and-control, with
little opportunity for you to provide any input.
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