MGT321 Intro to International Business

Chapter 1
Globalization

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Learning Objectives
LO 1-1 Understand what is meant by the term
globalization.
LO 1-2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization.
LO 1-3 Describe the changing nature of the global
economy.
LO 1-4 Explain the main arguments in the debate over the
impact of globalization.
LO 1-5 Understand how the process of globalization is
creating opportunities and challenges for
management practice.

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What Is Globalization? 1 of 3

‫ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻷﺳواق‬
‫ھﺑوط اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم‬
The Globalization of Markets
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر ﻋﺑر‬
‫اﻟﺣدود‬
* Falling barriers to cross-border trade and investment
‫اﻷذواق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
* Global tastes
‫ﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬
‫واﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬
* Benefits small and large companies
‫اﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺑﯾن‬
‫اﻷﺳواق اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬
* Significant differences between national markets
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧدم‬
‫اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
* Products that serve universal needs are global
‫ﻗد ﻻ ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳون ﺑﯾن‬
* Competitors may not change among nations
‫اﻟدول‬
Learning Objective 1-1 Understand what is meant by the term globalization.

‫ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺣول ﻧﺣو‬
Globalization refers to the shift toward a more
‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻼً وﺗراﺑطًﺎ‬
integrated and interdependent world economy
‫ﺗﺷﯾر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻷﺳواق إﻟﻰ دﻣﺞ‬
The globalization of markets refers to the merging of
historically distinct and separate national markets into ‫اﻷﺳواق اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﯾزة واﻟﻣؤرﺧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺳوق ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺿﺧم‬
one huge global marketplace.
.‫واﺣد‬
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What Is Globalization? 2 of 3
The Globalization of Production

• Technology now used for outsourcing

‫ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻔروق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ وﺟودة ﻋواﻣل‬
‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬
‫اﻗﺗﺻر اﻟﺗﻌﮭﯾد اﻟﻣﺑﻛر ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ اﻵن‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﺻﺎدر ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬

The globalization of production refers to the
sourcing of goods and services from locations
around the globe to take advantage of national
differences in the cost and quality of factors of
production (such as labor, energy, land, and
capital).

‫ﺗﺷﯾر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬
‫واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ ﺣول اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ وﺟودة ﻋواﻣل اﻹﻧﺗﺎج )ﻣﺛل‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ واﻷرض ورأس‬
.(‫اﻟﻣﺎل‬

• Sourcing goods to take advantage of
differences in cost and quality of factors of
production
• Early outsourcing was confined to
manufacturing

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What Is Globalization? 3 of 3
The Globalization of Production continued
• Robert Reich and “global products”
• Impediments
• Formal and informal barriers to trade
• Transportation costs
‫اﺳﺗﻣر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬
• Political and economic risk
“‫روﺑرت راﯾش و ” اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
• Coordination
‫اﻟﻌواﺋق‬
‫اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟرﺳﻣﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟرﺳﻣﯾﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬
‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎطر ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻧﺳﯾق‬

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The Emergence of Global Institutions 1 of 6
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization
International Monetary Fund
The World Bank

(‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت واﻟﺗﺟﺎرة )اﻟﺟﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻧك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬

The United Nations
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) International treaty that committed
signatories to lowering barriers to the free
flow of goods across national borders and
led to the WTO.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

) ‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت واﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬GATT (
‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎھدة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ارﺗﻛﺑت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣوﻗﻌﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻔض اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺣر ﻟﻠﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﺑر‬
‫اﻟﺣدود اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ وأدت إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬
.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬

The Emergence of Global Institutions 2 of 6
The World Trade Organization
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
* Polices the world trading system
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺗﺟﺎري اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺿﻣن اﻟﺗزام اﻟدول اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ‬
* Ensures nation-states adhere to the rules
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘواﻋد‬
‫ﯾﺳﮭل اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة‬
* Facilitates multinational agreements among members
‫اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬
* 164 nations account for 98 percent of world trade
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺋﺔ‬98 ‫ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻣﺛل‬164
‫ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬

World Trade Organization The
organization that succeeded GATT as a
result of the successful completion of the
Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺧﻠﻔت اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟﺎت ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺟﺎح ﻓﻲ إﻛﻣﺎل ﺟوﻟﺔ أوروﻏواي‬
.‫ﻟﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت اﻟﻐﺎت‬

The Emergence of Global Institutions 3 of 6
The International Monetary Fund
‫ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬
‫أﻧﺷﺋت ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﻘدي اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘرض اﻟﻣﻼذ اﻷﺧﯾر‬
• Lender of last resort
‫ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻣن اﻟدول اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ اﻋﺗﻣﺎد‬
• Requires nation-states to adopt specific economic
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﺗﮭدف‬
‫إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎدة اﻗﺗﺻﺎداﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
policies aimed at returning their economies to stability
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻘرار واﻟﻧﻣو‬
and growth

• Established to maintain order in the international
monetary system

The International Monetary Fund
International institution set up to maintain
order in the international monetary system.

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‫إﻧﺷﺎء ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﻘدي اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬

The Emergence of Global Institutions 4 of 6
The World Bank
‫اﻟﺑﻧك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻌزز اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻗروض‬
• Focused on making low-interest loans to
‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
cash-strapped governments in poor
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺿﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول‬
nations that wish to undertake significant ‫اﻟﻔﻘﯾرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﻏب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرات ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬
infrastructure investments
‫اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ‬

• Promotes economic development

World Bank International institution set up
to promote general economic development
in the world’s poorer nations.

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‫إﻧﺷﺎء ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻧك اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﻟﺗﻌزﯾز‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﻔﻘﯾرة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬

The Emergence of Global Institutions 5 of 6
The United Nations
•Peace through international cooperation and collective security
‫اﻟﺳﻼم ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﻌﺎون اﻟدوﻟﻲ واﻷﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ دوﻟﺔ‬193
•UN Charter – four basic purposes
‫ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻏراض أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬- ‫ﻣﯾﺛﺎق اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻼم واﻷﻣن اﻟدوﻟﯾﯾن‬
• Maintain international peace and security
‫ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟودﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟدول‬
• Develop friendly relations among nations
‫اﻟﺗﻌﺎون ﻓﻲ ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺗﻌزﯾز‬
‫اﺣﺗرام ﺣﻘوق اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬
• Cooperate in solving international problems and in
ً
‫ﻣرﻛزا ﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق أﻋﻣﺎل اﻷﻣم‬
‫ﻛن‬
promoting respect for human rights

•193 countries

• Be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations

United Nations (UN) An international organization
made up of 193 countries headquartered in New
York City, formed in 1945 to promote peace,
security, and cooperation.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

) ‫اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬UN ‫( ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون‬
، ‫ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻘرھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﯾوﯾورك‬193 ‫ﻣن‬
‫ ﻟﺗﻌزﯾز اﻟﺳﻼم‬1945 ‫ﺗﺷﻛﻠت ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
.‫واﻷﻣن واﻟﺗﻌﺎون‬

The Emergence of Global Institutions 6 of 6
Group of Twenty (G20)

‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
(‫)ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
• Finance ministers and central bank governors of ‫وزراء اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻣﺣﺎﻓظو‬
the 19 largest economies in the world, plus
19 ‫اﻟﺑﻧوك اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ ﻷﻛﺑر‬
، ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
representatives from the European Union and
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾن ﻣن‬
the European Central Bank
‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻟﺑﻧك‬
‫اﻟﻣرﻛزي اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬
• Represents 90 percent of global GDP and 80
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن‬90 ‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬
percent of international global trade
‫اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬80 ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ و‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ‬
Group of Twenty (G20)
(‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن )ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
Established in 1999, the G20 comprises
‫ وﺗﺿم‬1999 ‫ﺗﺄﺳّﺳت ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
the finance ministers and central bank
‫وزراء اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻣﺣﺎﻓظﻲ اﻟﺑﻧوك اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬
governors of the 19 largest economies in
، ‫ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎدات اﻟﻛﺑرى اﻟﺗﺳﻊ ﻋﺷرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
the world, plus representatives from the
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾن ﻣن اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻟﺑﻧك‬
European Union and the European Central
.‫اﻟﻣرﻛزي اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬
Bank.
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Drivers of Globalization 1 of 4
Learning Objective 1-2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization.

Declining Trade and Investment Barriers
• 1920s-30s: Barriers to international trade and
foreign direct investment
• High tariffs resulted in retaliatory trade policies
• GATT lowered barriers
• Uruguay Round
• Established World Trade Organization (WTO)
International trade occurs when a firm exports
goods or services to consumers in another country.
Foreign direct investment occurs when a firm
invests resources in business activities outside its
home country.
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‫ﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‬
30 – 1920s ‫ اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم‬:
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫أدت اﻟﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻧﺗﻘﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎت ﺧﻔﺿت اﻟﺣواﺟز‬
‫ﺟوﻟﺔ أوروﻏواي‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﯾس ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
)WTO(

‫ﺗﺣدث اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻘوم اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺻدﯾر ﺳﻠﻊ أو ﺧدﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠد‬
.‫آﺧر‬
‫ﯾﺣدث اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺳﺗﺛﻣر اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻣوارد ﻓﻲ أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل‬
.‫ﺧﺎرج ﺑﻠدھﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

Drivers of Globalization 2 of 4
Knowledge Society and Trade Agreements

‫ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ واﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
• The value of world trade in merchandised
‫ﻧﻣت ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬
goods has grown consistently faster than the ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻠﻊ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل‬
growth rate in the world economy since 1950. ‫ﻣﺗﺳق أﺳرع ﻣن ﻣﻌدل‬
‫اﻟﻧﻣو ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
• Trade across country borders is 2.6 times higher than
.1950 ‫ﻣﻧذ ﻋﺎم‬
world production.
‫ﺗﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة ﻋﺑر ﺣدود‬
‫ ﻣرات أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن‬2.6 ‫اﻟدول‬
• Knowledge society has produced more informed
.‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
consumers, driving demand.
‫ﻟﻘد أﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
، ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن اﻷﻛﺛر وﻋ ﯾًﺎ‬
• Removal of restrictions to FDI
.‫ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟطﻠب‬
• More trade agreements
‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر‬
‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬
‫ﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Figure 1.1 Value of world trade, world production, number of regional
trade agreements in force, and world population from 1960 to 2020 (index
1960 = 100).

Jump to long description in
appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Sources: World Bank, 2017; World Trade Organization, 2017; United Nations, 2017.

Figure 1.2 Comparisons of world trade and world population; world
trade and number of regional trade agreements; world population and
world production; and world population and world trade (index 1960 =
100).

Jump to long description in
appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Sources: World Bank, 2017; World Trade Organization, 2017; United Nations, 2017.

Drivers of Globalization 3 of 4

Role of Technological Change
• Communications

‫دور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺟﺎل اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
• Development of the microprocessor
‫ﻗﺎﻧون ﻣور‬
• Moore’s Law
‫اﻧﺗرﻧت اﻷﺷﯾﺎء‬
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧﺻف ﺳﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‬
• Internet of things
2 ‫ﻣﺑﯾﻌﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر ﻣن‬
‫ﺗرﯾﻠﯾون دوﻻر‬
• Half the world’s population uses the Internet
‫اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ھو اﻟﺗﻌﺎدل‬

• Global e-commerce sales over $2 trillion
• The Internet is an equalizer
Moore’s law predicts that the power of
microprocessor technology doubles and its
cost of production falls in half every 18
months).

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫وﯾﺗﻧﺑﺄ ﻗﺎﻧون ﻣور ﺑﺄن ﻗوة ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﺎﻋف وﺗﻘل ﻛﻠﻔﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﺻف‬
.(ً ‫ ﺷﮭرا‬18 ‫ﻛل‬

Drivers of Globalization 4 of 4
Role of Technological Change continued
‫ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻧﻘل‬
• Transportation technology
‫اﻟﺳﻔر ﺑﺎﻟطﺎﺋرات اﻟﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ‬
‫ و‬، ‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
• Commercial jet travel, superfreighters, and
superfreighters ‫ و‬،
containerization
containerization
‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ‬
• Implications for the globalization of production
‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬
‫أﺻﺑﺢ أﻛﺛر اﻗﺗﺻﺎدا‬
• Has become more economical
‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ‬
• Worldwide communications network
‫اﻷﺳواق‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎرب أذواق اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن‬
• Implications for the globalization of markets
‫وﺗﻔﺿﯾﻼﺗﮭم‬

• Convergence of consumer tastes and preferences

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 1 of 6
Learning Objective 1-3 Describe the changing nature of the global economy.

The Changing World Output and World Trade Picture
•

‫اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر واﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺷﮭدت اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﻧﺳﺑ ﯾًﺎ ﯾﻌﻛس اﻟﻧﻣو‬
ً ‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي اﻷﺳرع ﻟﻌدة‬
• China and BRIC countries growing more rapidly
‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدات أﺧرى‬
• Developing nations may account for more than 60 “‫ﺗﻧﻣو اﻟﺻﯾن وﺑﻠدان “ﺑرﯾك‬
‫ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ أﻛﺑر‬
percent of world economic activity by 2025
‫ﻗد ﺗﻣﺛل اﻟدول اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر ﻣن‬
‫ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬٪ 60
2025 ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠول ﻋﺎم‬

U.S. has experienced a relative decline reflecting
the faster economic growth of several other
economies

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 2 of 6

The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture

‫ﺻورة اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر‬
• Non-U.S. firms are increasingly investing across national
borders ‫ ﺗﺳﺗﺛﻣر اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﯾد ﻋﺑر اﻟﺣدود‬.‫ﺧﺎرج اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬
• Desire to disperse production activities to optimal locations and to
build a direct presence in major foreign markets
‫اﻟرﻏﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺗﯾت أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ وﺑﻧﺎء وﺟود ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳواق اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾ ﺳﯾﺔ‬
stock of foreign direct investment (FDI)
refers to the total cumulative value of
foreign investments as a percentage of the
country’s GDP.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

) ‫ﯾﺷﯾر اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬FDI ‫( إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗراﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرات اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺋوﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻠد‬

Figure 1.3 Share of FDI stock outward as a
percentage of GDP.

‫ ﻛﯾف أن ﻣﺧزون‬1.3 ‫ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻟﺷﻛل‬
Figure 1.3 shows how the stock of foreign direct
‫اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت‬
investment by the United States, China, Japan, United ‫ اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬، ‫ اﻟﯾﺎﺑﺎن‬، ‫ اﻟﺻﯾن‬، ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
Kingdom, European Union countries, Developed
‫ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات‬، ‫ دول اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬،
Economies, and the World changed between 1995 and .‫ و اﻟﯾوم‬1995 ‫ واﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﯾن‬، ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ‬
today.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Sources: OECD data 2017, FDI stocks.

Figure 1.4 FDI inflows (in millions of dollars)

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Jump to long description in
appendix
Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 2017. (Data for 2018–2020 are forecast.)

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 3 of 6

The Changing Nature of the Multinational Enterprise

‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬
‫ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬.‫ﺧﺎرج اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬38.8 ‫ ﻛﺎﻧت‬، 2003 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
• In 2003, 38.8 percent of the world’s 2000
‫ﻣن أﻛﺑر اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
• largest multinationals were U.S. firms
‫ ھﻲ ﺷرﻛﺎت أﻣرﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬2000 ‫ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن‬27 ‫ أﺻﺑﺣت‬، 2017 ‫ﺑﺣﻠول ﻋﺎم‬
• By 2017, 27 percent of the top 2000
‫ ﻣن‬2000 ‫اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑرى ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
• global firms are now U.S. multinationals, ‫اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
‫ ﺷرﻛﺔ‬236 ‫ أي ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬،

• Non-U.S. multinationals

a drop of 236 firms

A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any
business that has productive activities in
two or more countries.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

) ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬MNE ‫( ھﻲ أي‬
.‫أﻋﻣﺎل ﻟﮭﺎ أﻧﺷطﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠدﯾن أو أﻛﺛر‬

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 4 of 6
The Changing Nature of the Multinational
Enterprise continued
• The rise of mini-multinationals
• Medium- and small-sized businesses
• Internet is lowering barriers
‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬
‫ﺻﻌود اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ واﻟﺻﻐﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ھو ﺧﻔض اﻟﺣواﺟز‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 5 of 6
The Changing World Order

‫اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر‬
‫ﻓرﺻﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘدم اﻟدول اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
ً
• Former communist countries present
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺻدﯾر واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗزاﯾد اﻻﺿطراب‬
export and investment opportunities
‫واﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
• Signs of growing unrest and totalitarianism ‫اﻟﺻﯾن ﺗﻧﺗﻘل إﻟﻰ ﻗوة ﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻋظﻣﻰ‬
‫اﻧﺧﻔﺿت دﯾون أﻣرﯾﻛﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
• China moving to industrial superpower
‫ واﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣرﯾن‬، ‫واﻟﺗﺿﺧم‬
‫ وﺗوﺳﻊ‬، ‫ﻣن اﻟﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص‬
• Latin America debt and inflation are down,
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات‬

more private investors, expanding
economies

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 6 of 6
Global Economy of the Twenty-First Century
• Barriers to the free flow of goods, services,
and capital have been coming down
• Strengthened by the widespread adoption of
liberal economic policies by countries that
had firmly opposed them
• Globalization is not inevitable
• Countries may pull back

‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘرن اﻟﺣﺎدي‬
‫واﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻌواﺋق أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺣر‬
‫ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ورأس اﻟﻣﺎل‬
‫ﺗﺗراﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺗم ﺗﻌزﯾزھﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺑراﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟدول اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺷدة‬
‫اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ ﻟﯾﺳت ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻗد ﺗﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟدول‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬

• Risks are high
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any business
that has productive activities in two or more
countries.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

) ‫ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت‬MNE ‫( ھﻲ‬
‫أي أﻋﻣﺎل ﻟﮭﺎ أﻧﺷطﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠدﯾن أو‬
‫أﻛﺛر‬

The Globalization Debate 1 of 7
Learning Objective 1-4 Explain the main arguments in the debate over the
impact of globalization.

Antiglobalization Protests
•

1999 protests at WTO meeting

•

Detrimental effects on living standards, wage
rates, and the environment.
‫اﺣﺗﺟﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻧﺎھﺿﺔ اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﺟﺗﻣﺎع ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬1999 ‫اﺣﺗﺟﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺎم‬
.‫ واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬، ‫ وﻣﻌدﻻت اﻷﺟور‬، ‫آﺛﺎر ﺿﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Globalization Debate 2 of 7
Globalization, Jobs, and Income
• Critics of globalization argue:

‫ واﻟدﺧل‬، ‫ اﻟوظﺎﺋف‬، ‫اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ‬
:‫ﯾﻘول ﻣﻧﺗﻘدو اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ‬
• Falling trade barriers allow firms to move
‫وﯾﺳﻣﺢ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
manufacturing activities to countries
‫ﻟﻠﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﻧﻘل أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺑﻠدان اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻌدﻻت اﻷﺟور‬
where wage rates are much lower
‫أﻗل ﺑﻛﺛﯾر‬
• Destroy manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced ‫ﺗدﻣﯾر وظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات‬
economies
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت أﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﺟري اﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﺻﺎدر‬
• Services also being outsourced
‫ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎھﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌدﻻت اﻟﺑطﺎﻟﺔ‬
• Contributing to higher unemployment and lower
‫واﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﮭم‬
living standards in their home nations
‫اﻷم‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Globalization Debate 3 of 7

Globalization, Jobs, and Income continued
• Supporters argue:
• Benefits outweigh the costs

• Free trade will result in countries specializing in
the production of goods and services that they
can produce most efficiently, while importing
goods and services that they cannot produce as
efficiently
• As a result, the whole economy is better off
• Companies can reduce their cost structure, and
consumers benefit

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ وظﺎﺋف‬، ‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ‬
‫ واﻟدﺧل‬،
:‫ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون‬
‫اﻟﻔواﺋد ﺗﻔوق اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬
‫ﺳوف ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﺣرة دول ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻧﺗﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗورد اﻟﺳﻠﻊ‬، ‫أﻛﺑر‬
‫واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮭﺎ‬
.‫إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫ ﻓﺈن‬، ‫وﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟذﻟك‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻛﻠﮫ أﻓﺿل ﺣﺎﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﺷرﻛﺎت ﺧﻔض‬
‫ھﯾﻛل اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭم‬
‫ وﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛون‬،

The Globalization Debate 4 of 7
Globalization, Jobs, and Income continued

، ‫ وظﺎﺋف‬، ‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ‬
‫واﻟدﺧل‬
‫ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬
• Data suggests the share of labor in national
‫ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدﺧل‬
income has declined
‫اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ‬
‫زادت ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ ﻣن‬
• Share of national income by skilled labor has
‫اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺎھرة‬
increased
‫ﺷﮭدت اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺎھرة‬
• Unskilled labor experienced a fall in income, but not ‫ وﻟﻛن ﻟﯾس‬، ‫ھﺑوطًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟدﺧل‬
necessarily standard of living due to economic growth ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿرورة ﻣﺳﺗوى ﻣﻌﯾﺷ ًﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻧﻣو اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬
• The weak growth rate in real wage rates for ‫وﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ أن ﯾﻌزى ﻣﻌدل‬
‫اﻟﻧﻣو اﻟﺿﻌﯾف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌدﻻت‬
unskilled workers is likely due to a
‫اﻷﺟور اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﺎل ﻏﯾر‬
technology-induced shift within advanced
‫اﻟﻣﮭرة إﻟﻰ ﺣدوث ﺗﺣول ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ داﺧل اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات‬
economies
‫اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ‬
• Technological change has a bigger impact than
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر أﻛﺑر‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬
globalization on declining share of national income
‫ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ اﻟذي‬
enjoyed by labor
‫ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Globalization Debate 5 of 7
Globalization, Labor Policies, and the
Environment
• Critics argue:
• Labor and environmental regulations
• Lack of regulation can lead to abuse
• Adhering to regulations increases costs
• As countries get richer, they enact tougher
environmental and labor regulations

• Supporters argue:
• Tougher environmental regulations and stricter
labor standards go hand in hand with economic
progress
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ وﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻣل واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون‬
‫اﻟﻠواﺋﺢ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾؤدي ﻋدم اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم إﻟﻰ‬
‫إﺳﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻘﯾد ﺑﺎﻟﻠواﺋﺢ ﯾزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ‬، ‫وﻣﻊ ازدﯾﺎد ﺛراء اﻟﺑﻠدان‬
‫ﺗﺳن ﻗواﻧﯾن أﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ واﻟﻌﻣل‬
:‫ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون‬
‫إن اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ اﻷﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﻌﻣل اﻷﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺳﯾر ﺟﻧﺑﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﺟﻧب ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻘدم‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي‬

Figure 1.6 Income levels and environmental pollution

While the hump-shaped relationship depicted in
Figure 1.6 seems to hold across a wide range of
pollutants—from sulfur dioxide to lead
concentrations and water quality—carbon
dioxide emissions are an important exception,
rising steadily with higher-income levels.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن ﯾﺑدو أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺳﻧﺎم اﻟﻣﺑﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺣﻣل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن‬1.6 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫ ﻣن ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛﺑرﯾت إﻟﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾزات‬- ‫اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﺷﻛل اﻧﺑﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬- ‫اﻟرﺻﺎص وﻧوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬
‫ ﺣﯾث ﺗرﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺎطراد‬، ‫أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛرﺑون اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎ ًء ھﺎ ًﻣﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻊ‬

Source: C. W. L. Hill and G. T. M. Hult, Global Business Today (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018).

The Globalization Debate 6 of 7
Globalization and National Sovereignty
• Critics argue:
• Shift of power from national governments
toward supranational organizations
• WTO, EU, United Nations

• Supporters argue:
• The power of supranational organizations is
limited to what nation-states collectively
agree to grant
• These organizations exist to serve the
collective interests of member states

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ واﻟﺳﯾﺎدة اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون‬
‫ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻓوق‬
‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻷﻣم‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة‬
:‫ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون‬
‫ﺗﻘﺗﺻر ﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻓوق‬
‫اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗواﻓق اﻟدول‬
‫اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺣﮫ‬
‫ھذه اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻣوﺟودة ﻟﺧدﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠدول‬
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬

The Globalization Debate 7 of 7
Globalization and the World’s Poor
• Critics argue:
• Gap between the rich and poor nations has
gotten wider
• Totalitarian governments
• Poor economic policies
• Corruption and lack of property rights
• Expanding populations in developing countries
• Debt burdens

• Supporters argue:
• The best way to change the situation is to
lower barriers to trade and investment and
promote free market policies
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ واﻟﻔﻘراء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬
:‫اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون‬
‫اﺗﺳﻌت اﻟﻔﺟوة ﺑﯾن اﻟدول‬
‫اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﻘﯾرة‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﺑدادﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺳﺎد واﻧﻌدام ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗوﺳﯾﻊ اﻟﺳﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻠدان‬
‫اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬
‫أﻋﺑﺎء اﻟدﯾون‬
:‫ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون‬
‫أﻓﺿل طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟوﺿﻊ‬
‫ھﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر وﺗﻌزﯾز‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺳوق اﻟﺣرة‬

Managing in the Global Marketplace
Learning Objective 1.5 Understand how the process of globalization is creating
opportunities and challenges for business managers.

Managers
• Managing an international business differs
from managing a purely domestic business
• Need to vary practices from country to country
• More complex decisions required
• Need to understand the international trading and
investment system, currency exchange

An international business is any firm that
engages in international trade or investment.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ﻣدراء‬
‫إدارة اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن إدارة‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﺗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت ﻣن ﺑﻠد إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠد‬
‫ﻗرارات أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا‬
‫اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻓﮭم ﻧظﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬
‫ وﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻌﻣﻼت‬،

‫اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ھﻲ أي ﺷرﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر‬

Appendix of Image Long
Descriptions
‫ﻣﻠﺣق ﻟﻸوﺻﺎف اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺻور‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix 1 Figure 1.1 Value of world trade, world production, number of regional trade
agreements in force, and world population from 1960 to 2020 (index 1960 = 100).

A line graph shows world trade, world population, world
production, and regional trade agreements from 19602020. As regional trade agreements increase year-byyear, so does world trade across country borders at the
same pace.

Return to original slide

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix 2 Figure 1.2 Comparisons of world trade and world population; world
trade and number of regional trade agreements; world population and world
production; and world population and world trade (index 1960 = 100).

World trade and world population are both rising, but world
trade has risen much faster since about 1972.
World trade and number of regional trade agreements have
risen in tandem since about 1970.
World population and world production have risen on a
mostly parallel path.
World population and world trade shows that as world
population had steadily risen, world trade passed it in about
2004 and has since far exceeded it.

Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix 3 Figure 1.4 FDI inflows (in millions of dollars)
Figure 1.4 illustrates two important trends—the sustained
growth in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment
that has occurred since 1990 and the increasing
importance of developing nations as the destination of
foreign direct investment.
FDI inflows in developing countries have exceeded those in
developed countries in every year since 1990.

Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 2
National Differences in Political,
Economic, and Legal Systems
‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Learning Objectives
LO 2-1 Understand how the political systems of countries
differ. .‫ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان‬
LO 2-2 Understand how the economic systems of
countries differ. .‫ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان‬
LO 2-3 Understand how the legal systems of countries
differ. .‫ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان‬
LO 2-4 Explain the implications for management practice
of national differences in political economy.
‫اﺷرح اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻹدارة ﻟﻼﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬
.‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Introduction
Political Economy
• Political, economic, and legal systems of a country
are interdependent
• They influence each other
Political economy refers to the political,
economic, and legal systems of a country.
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫• اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟدوﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺗراﺑطﺔ‬
‫• اﻧﮭم ﯾؤﺛرون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﮭم اﻟﺑﻌض‬
‫ﯾﺷﯾر اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
.‫واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠد‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

©Philimon Bulawayo/Reuters

Political Systems 1 of 6
Learning Objective 2-1 Understand how the political systems of countries differ.

Political systems: refers to the ‫ ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺣﻛم‬:‫اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
system of government in a nation.
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺔ‬
1. Collectivism vs. individualism
2. Democratic vs. totalitarian

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺿد اﻟﻔرداﻧﯾﺔ‬.1
‫ اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬.2

Political Systems 2 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism

‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬

• Collectivism
‫ﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬
• The needs of society as a whole are ‫ﯾﻧظر ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻛﻛل‬
generally viewed as being more
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣرﯾﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬
important than individual freedoms
• Socialism
• Karl Marx: The few benefit at the
expense of the many in a capitalist
society where individual freedoms
are not restricted
• Communists vs. social democrats
• Privatization
• is the sale of state-owned
enterprises to private investors.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

•
•

‫• اﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳﺎب‬: ‫• ﻛﺎرل ﻣﺎرﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻛﺛﯾرﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟرأﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﯾث‬
‫اﻟﺣرﯾﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺳت ﻣﻘﯾدة‬
‫• اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾون ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﯾن‬
‫اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﯾن‬
‫• اﻟﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ‬
‫ھو ﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠدوﻟﺔ‬
•
.‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣرﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص‬

Political Systems 2 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism
Collectivism refers to a political system that
stresses the primacy of collective goals over
individual goals.

‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺷدد ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻟوﯾﺔ‬
.‫اﻷھداف اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷھداف اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾون ﯾؤﻣﻧون ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟوﺳﺎﺋل اﻹﻧﺗﺎج‬
.‫ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
Socialists believe in public ownership of the means
of production for the common good of society.
.

‫ اﻧﻘﺳﻣت‬، ‫ﻓﻲ أواﺋل اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
In the early twentieth century, the socialist ideology
‫اﻷﯾدﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺳﻛرﯾن‬
split into two broad camps. The communists
‫ ﻟﻘد اﻋﺗﻘد اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾون أن اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ‬.‫واﺳﻌﯾن‬
believed that socialism could be achieved only
‫ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺗﺣﻘق إﻻ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺛورة‬
through violent revolution and totalitarian
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن‬، ‫اﻟﻌﻧﯾﻔﺔ واﻟدﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
dictatorship, whereas the social democrats
‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﯾن اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﯾن اﻟﺗزﻣوا ﺑﺗ ﺣﻘﯾق‬
committed themselves to achieving socialism by
‫ وﺗوﺟﯾﮫ‬، ‫اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟوﺳﺎﺋل اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ‬
democratic means, turning their backs on violent
. ‫ظﮭورھم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺛورة اﻟﻌﻧﯾﻔﺔ واﻟدﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ‬
revolution and dictatorship. Both versions of
‫ﻛﻼ اﻟﻧﺳﺧﺗﯾن ﻣن اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ ﺗﺿﺎءﻟت‬
socialism waxed and waned during the twentieth
‫وﺗﺿﺎءﻟت ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن‬
century.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Systems 3 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism continued
• Individualism
• An individual should have freedom in his or her economic
and political pursuits
• The interests of the individual should take precedence over
the interests of the state
• Two tenets
• Guarantee of individual freedom and self-expression
• Welfare of society best served by letting people pursue their own
economic self-interest

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political
Systems
4 of 6
Democracy and Totalitarianism
• At different ends of a political
dimension
• Democracy and individualism
go hand in hand, as do the
communist version of
collectivism and totalitarianism,
with exceptions
Democracy refers to a political
system in which government is by the
people, exercised either directly or
through elected representatives.
Totalitarianism is a form of
government in which one person or
political party exercises absolute control
over all spheres of human life and
prohibits opposing political parties.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ واﻟﺗوﺗﺎﻟﯾﺗﺎرﯾﺔ‬

‫• ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﻌد اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫• ﻓﺎﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﺔ واﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﯾران ﺟﻧﺑﺎ ً إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻛﻣﺎ ھو اﻟﺣﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺳﺧﺔ اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﺟﻧب‬
‫ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎءات‬، ‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻛون‬
‫ ﺗﻣﺎرس إﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﺷﻌب‬
.‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة أو ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾن ﻣﻧﺗﺧﺑﯾن‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﺷﻛل ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺣﻛم اﻟذي‬
‫ﯾﻣﺎرس ﻓﯾﮫ ﺷﺧص واﺣد أو ﺣزب ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﯾطرة ﻣطﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻣﺟﺎﻻت اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ وﯾﺣظر اﻷﺣزاب اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺔ‬

Political Systems 5 of 6
Democracy and Totalitarianism continued

‫اﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﺔ واﻟﺗوﺗﺎﻟﯾﺗﺎرﯾﺔ‬

• Democracy
• Representative democracy
• Totalitarianism
• Communist totalitarianism
• Theocratic totalitarianism
• Tribal totalitarianism
• Right-wing totalitarianism

‫• دﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫• اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟدﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﯾوﻗراطﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫• دﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻧﺎح اﻟﯾﻣﯾﻧﻲ‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Systems 5 of 6
Representative democracy is a political system in which citizens periodically
elect individuals to represent them in government.

Communist totalitarianism is a version of collectivism advocating that
socialism can be achieved only through a totalitarian dictatorship.
Theocratic totalitarianism is a political system in which political power is
monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious
principles.
Tribal totalitarianism is a political system in which a party, group, or individual
that represents the interests of a particular tribe (ethnic group) monopolizes
political power.
Right-wing totalitarianism is a political system in which political power is
monopolized by a party, group or individual that generally permits individual
economic freedom but restricts individual political freedom, including free
speech, often on the ground that it would lead to the rise of communism.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Political Systems 5 of 6‬‬
‫اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﻧﺗﺧب ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻣواطﻧون اﻷﻓراد ﺑﺷﻛل دوري ﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾﻠﮭم‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﺳﺧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗداﻓﻊ ﻋن أﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ إﻻ ﻣن‬
‫ﺧﻼل دﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ دﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟدﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﯾوﻗراطﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﺣزب أو‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أو ﻓرد ﯾﺣﻛم وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺳﯾطر ﻓﯾﮫ ﺣزب أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ أو ﻓرد ﯾﻣﺛل ﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﺑﯾﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ) ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻋرﻗﯾﺔ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﯾﻧﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﯾﮫ اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﺣزب أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
‫أو ﻓرد ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣرﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﯾﺣد ﻣن اﻟﺣرﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟك ﺣرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺗؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌود اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ‪. .‬‬

‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Political Systems 6 of 6
Democracy and Totalitarianism
continued
• Pseudo-democracies

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﺔ واﻟﺗوﺗﺎﻟﯾﺗﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺎت اﻟزاﺋﻔﺔ‬

• Lie between pure democracies
and complete totalitarianism
systems.

‫• ﺗﻛﻣن ﺑﯾن اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺎت اﻟﺻرﻓﺔ‬
.‫واﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

• Authoritarian elements have
captured some or much of the
machinery of state and use
this in an attempt to deny
basic political and civil
liberties.

‫• وﻗد اﺳﺗوﻟت اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﺳﻠطوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟزء أو أﻛﺛر ﻣن آﻟﯾﺎت اﻟدوﻟﺔ‬
‫واﺳﺗﺧدﻣت ذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﻛﺎر‬
.‫اﻟﺣرﯾﺎت اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬

Economic Systems 1 of 3
Learning Objective 2-2 Understand how the economic systems of countries
differ.

Market Economy
• All productive activities are privately
owned
• Production is determined by supply
and demand
• Government encourages vigorous free
and fair competition

‫إﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳوق‬
‫• ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻘط ﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎص‬
‫• ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻹﻧﺗﺎج ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﻌرض‬
‫واﻟطﻠب‬
‫• ﺗﺷﺟﻊ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳﺔ اﻟﻘوﯾﺔ واﻟﻧزﯾﮭﺔ‬

In the archetypal pure market economy,
all productive activities are privately
‫ ﻛل اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳوق اﻟﺧﺎﻟص‬
owned, as opposed to being owned by ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬، ‫اﻹﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص‬
the state. Production is determined by
‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻹﻧﺗﺎج ﻣن‬.‫ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠدوﻟﺔ‬
the interaction of supply and demand
‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻌرض واﻟطﻠب واﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ‬
and signaled to producers through the
.‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﯾن ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻧظﺎم اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬
price system.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Economic Systems 2 of 3
Command Economy
• Government plans the good and services, quantity and price, then
allocates them for “the good of society”
• All businesses are state owned
• Historically found in communist economies
• No incentive for individuals to look for better ways to serve needs
In a pure command economy, the government plans the goods and
services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are
produced, and the prices at which they are sold. Consistent with the
collectivist ideology, the objective of a command economy is for
government to allocate resources for “the good of society.” In addition,
in a pure command economy, all businesses are state owned, the
rationale being that the government can then direct them to make
investments that are in the best interests of the nation as a whole
rather than in the interests of private individuals.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Economic Systems 2 of 3‬‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ‬
‫• ﺗﺧطط اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﯾر واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت واﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﻌر ‪ ،‬ﺛم ﺗﺧﺻﺻﮭﺎ “ﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ”‬
‫• ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠدوﻟﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺎ وﺟدت ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ‬
‫• ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﺣﺎﻓز ﻟﻸﻓراد ﻟﻠﺑﺣث ﻋن طرق أﻓﺿل ﻟﺧدﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻣوﺟﮫ ﺗﻣﺎ ًﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺧطط اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻧﺗﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﻠد ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺗم إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺑﺎع ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ اﻹﯾدﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ھدف‬
‫اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻣوﺟﮫ ھو أن ﺗﺧﺻص اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣوارد “ﻟﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ”‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻣوﺟﮫ ﺗﻣﺎ ًﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻛون ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠدوﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﻛون اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ‬
‫ھو أن اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗوﺟﮫ ﻟﮭم ﻟﺟﻌل اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرات اﻟﺗﻲ ھﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻷﻣﺔ ﻛﻛل وﻟﯾس‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺻﻠﺣﺔ اﻷﻓراد‪.‬‬

‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Economic Systems 3 of 3
Mixed Economy

‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻣﺧﺗﻠط‬

• Some sectors are
privately owned, some ، ‫• ﺑﻌض اﻟﻘطﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص‬
‫وﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬
are government owned
• Once common in
developed world, less so
now

، ‫• ﻣرة واﺣدة ﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﻣﺗﻘدم‬
‫أﻗل ﻣن ذﻟك اﻵن‬

• Government may aid
troubled firms

‫• اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻗد ﺗﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺿطرﺑﺔ‬

، ‫• ﺳﺎﻋدت اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة ﺳﯾﺗﻲ ﺟروب‬
• U.S. helped Citigroup,
‫ﺟﻧرال ﻣوﺗورز‬
General Motors

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Legal Systems 1 of 9
Learning Objective 2-3 Understand how the legal systems of countries differ.

Legal Systems
•

Rules or laws that regulate
behavior

•

Process through which laws are
enforced

•

Redress for grievances

•

Influenced by the prevailing
political system

The legal system of a country refers
to the rules, or laws, that regulate
behavior along with the processes by
which the laws are enforced and
through which redress for grievances
is obtained.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫اﻟﻧظم اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻟﻘواﻋد أو اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧظم اﻟﺳﻠ وك‬
‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﻘواﻧﯾ ن‬

•

‫• اﻟﺗﻌوﯾض ﻋن اﻟﻣظﺎﻟم‬
‫ﻣﺗﺄﺛرة ﺑﺎﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﺋد‬

•

‫ﯾﺷﯾر اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﻲ ﻟﺑﻠد ﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘواﻋد أو‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧظم اﻟﺳﻠوك إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﻣوﺟﺑﮭﺎ إﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن‬
‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌوﯾض‬
.‫ﻋن اﻟﻣظﺎﻟم‬

Legal Systems 2 of 9
Legal Systems continued
•

Different Legal Systems
•

•

Common Law: is based on
tradition, precedent, and custom.
•

Tradition, precedent, custom

•

More flexible than other
systems

Civil Law: is based on a detailed
set of laws organized into codes.
•

•

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Laws organized into codes

•
Less adversarial
Theocratic Law: is one in which
the law is based on religious
teachings.
•

Based on religious teachings

•

Most common is Islamic law

‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻧظم اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫• أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﯾﺳﺗﻧد إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾد واﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫واﻟﻌرف‬
‫• اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾد واﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ واﻟﻌرف‬
‫• أﻛﺛر ﻣروﻧﺔ ﻣن ﻏﯾرھﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻧظم‬
‫ ﯾﻘوم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻣ ن‬:‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧظم ﻓﻲ رﻣوز‬
‫• اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ رﻣوز‬
‫• أﻗل اﻟﺧﺻوﻣﮫ‬
‫ ھو اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺗﻧد ﻓﯾﮫ‬:‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﺛﯾوﻗراطﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻟﯾم اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫• ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻟﯾم اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﻻﻛﺛر ﺷﯾوﻋﺎ ھو اﻟﺷرﯾﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﻼﻣﯾﺔ‬

Legal Systems 3 of 9
Differences in Contract Law
•

Governs the enforcement of contracts

•

Common law

•

‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟﻌﻘود‬
‫• ﯾﺣﻛم إﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻌﻘود‬
‫• اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫• اﻟﻌﻘود ﻣﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟطوارئ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗوﺿﯾﺣﮭﺎ‬
.‫• أﻛﺛر ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ وﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻛون ﻋداﺋﯾﺔ‬

•

Contracts are very detailed with all
contingencies spelled out

•

More expensive and can be adversarial.

‫• اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ‬
‫• ﺗﻣﯾل اﻟﻌﻘود إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﻛون أﻗﺻر وأﻗل‬
Contracts tend to be much shorter and
‫ﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ‬

Civil law
•

less specific

A contract is a document that specifies the
‫اﻟﻌﻘد ھو ﻣﺳﺗﻧد ﯾﺣدد اﻟﺷروط اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻣوﺟﺑﮭﺎ ﯾﺗم‬
conditions under which an exchange is to occur
‫إﺟراء ﺗﺑﺎدل وﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل ﺣﻘوق واﻟﺗزاﻣﺎت اﻷطراف‬
and details the rights and obligations of the
‫ ﯾﻧظّم ﺑﻌض أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﻌﻘود اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن‬. ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ‬
parties involved. Some form of contract
regulates many business transactions. Contract ‫ ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟﻌﻘود ھو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛم ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﻌﻘود‬
law is the body of law that governs contract
enforcement.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Legal Systems 4 of 9
Differences in Contract Law continued
•

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (CISG)
•

Establishes a uniform set of rules governing certain
aspects of the making and performance of everyday
commercial contracts between sellers and buyers who
have their places of business in different nations

•

Applies automatically to all contracts for the sale of goods
between different firms based in countries that have ratified
the convention, unless the parties opt out

United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
International Sale of Goods (CISG) is a set of rules governing
aspects of the making and performance of commercial
contracts between sellers and buyers who have their places of
business in different nations.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Legal Systems 4 of 9‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﻣر اﻻﺧﺗﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟﻌﻘود‬

‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة ﺑﺷﺄن ﻋﻘود اﻟﺑﯾﻊ اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ )‪(CISG‬‬
‫• ﯾﺿﻊ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣوﺣدة ﻣن اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻛم ﺟواﻧب ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن ﺻﻧﻊ وأداء اﻟﻌﻘود‬
‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﯾن واﻟﻣﺷﺗرﯾن اﻟذﯾن ﻟدﯾﮭم أﻣﺎﻛن ﻋﻣﻠﮭم ﻓﻲ دول ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﻧطﺑق ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋ ًﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻋﻘود ﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﺗﻲ ﺻدﻗت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻟم ﺗﺧﺗر اﻷطراف ذﻟك‬
‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة ﺑﺷﺄن ﻋﻘود اﻟﺑﯾﻊ اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ )‪(CISG‬ھﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻘواﻋد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧظم ﺟواﻧب ﺻﻧﻊ وأداء اﻟﻌﻘود اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺑﺎﺋﻌﯾن واﻟﻣﺷﺗرﯾن اﻟذﯾن ﻟﮭم‬
‫أﻣﺎﻛن ﻋﻣﻠﮭم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟدول‪.‬‬

‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Legal Systems 5 of 9
Property Rights and Corruption
•

Property is a resource that an
individual or business owns
• Land, buildings, equipment,
capital, mineral rights,
businesses, intellectual property
• Most countries protect property
rights
Property rights refer to the legal
rights over the use to which a
resource is put and over the use
made of any income that may be
derived from that resource.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﺳﺎد‬
‫• اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻣورد ﯾﻣﻠﻛﮫ اﻟﻔرد أو‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫ رأس‬، ‫ اﻟﻣﻌدات‬، ‫ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬، ‫• اﻷرض‬
، ‫ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت‬، ‫ ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن‬، ‫اﻟﻣﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻌظم اﻟدول ﺗﺣﻣﻲ ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺷﯾر ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟذي ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣورد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬
‫وﻋن اﺳﺗﺧدام أي دﺧل ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣﺳﺗﻣدا ً ﻣ ن‬
.‫ھذا اﻟﻣورد‬

Legal Systems 6 of 9
Property Rights and Corruption continued
• Private action
• Theft, piracy, blackmail
• Public action and corruption
• Public officials extort income, resources, or property
• Levying excessive taxation, requiring expensive
licenses or permits from property holders, taking
assets into state ownership without compensating the
owners, redistributing assets without compensating
the prior owners
• Corruption, demanding bribes
In terms of violating property rights, private action refers to theft, piracy,
blackmail, and the like by private individuals or groups.
Public action to violate property rights occurs when public officials, such as
politicians and government bureaucrats, extort income, resources, or the
property itself from property holders.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Legal Systems 6 of 9‬‬
‫ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﺳﺎد اﺳﺗﻣرت‬
‫ﻋﻣل ﺧﺎص‬
‫• اﻟﺳرﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘرﺻﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻻﺑﺗزاز‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻔﺳﺎد‬
‫• اﻟﻣوظﻔون اﻟﻌﻣوﻣﯾون ﯾﺑﺗزون اﻟدﺧل أو اﻟﻣوارد أو اﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎت‬
‫• ﻓرض ﺿراﺋب ﻣﻔرطﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗطﻠب ﺗراﺧﯾص أو ﺗراﺧﯾص ﺑﺎھظﺔ ﻣن أﺻﺣﺎب اﻷﻣﻼك ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ أﺧذ‬
‫اﻷﺻول إﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﺔ دون ﺗﻌوﯾض اﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﯾن ‪ ،‬وإﻋﺎدة ﺗوزﯾﻊ اﻷﺻول دون ﺗﻌوﯾض اﻟﻣﺎﻟﻛﯾن‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﯾن‬
‫• اﻟﻔﺳﺎد ‪ ،‬ﻣطﺎﻟﺑﺔ اﻟرﺷﺎوى‬
‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﺎﻧﺗﮭﺎك ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﯾﺷﯾر اﻹﺟراء اﻟﺧﺎص إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳرﻗﺔ واﻟﻘرﺻﻧﺔ واﻻﺑﺗزاز وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك‬
‫ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻷﻓراد أو اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺣدث اﻹﺟراء اﻟﻌﺎم ﻻﻧﺗﮭﺎك ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻘوم اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟون اﻟﻌﻣوﻣﯾون ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﯾن‬
‫واﻟﺑﯾروﻗراطﯾﯾن اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﯾن ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺗزاز ﺑﺎﻟدﺧل ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻣوارد ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎت ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ﻣن ﻣﺎﻟﻛﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات ‪.‬‬
‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Figure 2.1 Rankings of corruption by country, 2016

Jump to long description in
appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Constructed by the author from raw data from Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2016.

Legal Systems 7 of 9
Property Rights and Corruption continued
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
• Illegal to bribe a foreign government official to obtain or
maintain business over which that foreign official has
authority
• Requires all publicly traded companies to keep detailed
records that would reveal whether a violation of the act
has occurred

• Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public
Officials in International Business Transactions
(1997)
• Allows for facilitating or expediting payments
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is U.S. law regulating
behavior regarding the conduct of international business in
the taking of bribes and other unethical actions.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Legal Systems 7 of 9‬‬
‫ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﺳﺎد اﺳﺗﻣرت‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺳدة )‪(FCPA‬‬
‫• ﻏﯾر ﻣﺷروﻋﺔ ﻟرﺷوة ﻣﺳؤول ﺣﻛوﻣﻲ أﺟﻧﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ أو اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻛون ﻟﮭﺎ ھذا اﻟﻣﺳؤول اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ‬
‫• ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻣن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺗداوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻧﺎً اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎظ ﺑﺳﺟﻼت ﺗﻔﺻﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﻛﺷف ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻗد‬
‫ﺣدث اﻧﺗﮭﺎك ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧون‬

‫• اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ رﺷوة اﻟﻣوظﻔﯾن اﻟﻌﻣوﻣﯾﯾن اﻷﺟﺎﻧب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫)‪(1997‬‬
‫• ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﺗﺳﮭﯾل أو ﺗﺳرﯾﻊ اﻟﻣدﻓوﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺳدة ھو ﻗﺎﻧون اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة اﻟذي ﯾﻧظم اﻟﺳﻠوك ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﺳﻠوك اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺧذ اﻟرﺷﺎوى وﻏﯾرھﺎ ﻣن اﻷﻋﻣﺎل ﻏﯾر اﻷ ﺧﻼﻗﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Legal Systems 8 of 9
The Protection of Intellectual
Property
• Patent

‫• ﺑراءة اﻹﺧﺗراع‬

• Copyrights

‫• ﺣﻘوق اﻟﺗﺄﻟﯾف واﻟﻧﺷر‬

• Trademarks

‫• اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬

• World Intellectual
Property Organization
• Paris Convention for the
Protection of Industrial
Property

©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻛرﯾﺔ‬
‫• اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬

Legal Systems 8 of 9
Intellectual property refers to property that is the product of
intellectual activity, such as computer software, a screenplay, a music
score, or the chemical formula for a new drug.
A patent grants the inventor of a new product or process exclusive
rights for a defined period to the manufacture, use, or sale of that
invention.
Copyrights are the exclusive legal rights of authors, composers,
playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and disperse their work
as they see fit.
Trademarks are designs and names, officially registered, by which
merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products.
World Intellectual Property Organization is an international
organization whose members sign treaties to agree to protect
intellectual property.
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Policy is an
international agreement to protect intellectual property.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

‫‪Legal Systems 8 of 9‬‬
‫ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ھﻲ ﻧﺗﺎج ﻧﺷﺎط ﻓﻛري ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل ﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫ﺳﯾﻧﺎرﯾو ‪ ،‬أو درﺟﺔ ﻣوﺳﯾﻘﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺻﯾﻐﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟدواء ﺟدﯾد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﻧﺢ ﺑراءة اﻻﺧﺗراع ﻟﻣﺧﺗرع ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﺟدﯾد أو ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺣﻘوق اﺳﺗﺋﺛﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻔﺗرة ﻣﺣددة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ‬
‫ھذا اﻻﺧﺗراع أو اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮫ أو ﺑﯾﻌﮫ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻘوق اﻟطﺑﻊ واﻟﻧﺷر ھﻲ اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺻرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن واﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن واﻟﻣؤﻟﻔﯾن اﻟﻣﺳرﺣﯾﯾن‬
‫واﻟﻔﻧﺎﻧﯾن واﻟﻧﺎﺷرﯾن ﻟﻧﺷر أﻋﻣﺎﻟﮭم وﺗﺷﺗﯾﺗﮭﺎ ﺣﺳب ﻣﺎ ﯾروﻧﮫ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺗﺻﺎﻣﯾم وأﺳﻣﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ رﺳﻣﯾﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﯾﺣددھﺎ اﻟﺗﺟﺎر أو اﻟﻣﺻﻧﻌون‬
‫ﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎﺗﮭم‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﯾوﻗﻊ أﻋﺿﺎؤھﺎ ﻣﻌﺎھدات ﻟﻠﻣواﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪©McGraw-Hill Education.‬‬

Legal Systems 9 of 9
Product Safety and Product Liability

‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت واﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬

• Product safety: set certain
safety standards to which a
product must adhere.

‫ ﻋﯾ ّن ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر أﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬:‫• أﻣﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬
.‫ﯾﺟب أن ﯾﻠﺗزم ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬

‫ ﯾﻧطوي ذﻟك ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫• ﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ وﻣﺳؤوﻟﯾﮭﺎ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺳﺑب‬
• Product liability: involves
holding a firm and its officers ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺣدوث إﺻﺎﺑﺔ أو ﻣوت أو‬
.‫ﺗﻠف‬
responsible when a product
causes injury, death, or
‫• أﻛﺑر إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻻ ﯾﺗواﻓق ﻣﻊ‬
damage.
‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
• Greater if a product does not
conform to safety standards
‫• ﺗطﺑق اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‬
• Criminal and civil laws apply
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Focus on Managerial Implications
Learning Objective 2-4 Explain the implications for management practice of
national differences in political economy.

Two broad implications
• Political, economic, and legal systems of a country
raise important ethical issues that have implications
for international business.
• Political, economic, and legal environments of a
country clearly influence the attractiveness of that
country as a market or investment site.
• A country with democratic political institutions,
market-based economic system, and strong legal
system clearly more attractive to do business in.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix of Image Long
Descriptions

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix 1 Figure 2.1 Rankings of
corruption by country, 2016
Corruption Index 100=clean; 0 = totally corrupt
Somalia 8
Venezuela 18
Vietnam 21
Nigeria 26
Russia 29
China 37
Columbia 37
India 48
Brazil 48
Turkey 42
Italy 44
South Africa 44
South Korea 56
Poland 62
France 70
United States 75
United Kingdom 81
Germany 81
Canada 83
Sweden 89
Denmark 91
Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 3
National Differences in
Economic Development

©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Learning Objectives
LO 3-1 Explain what determines the level of economic
development of a nation.
LO 3-2 Identify the macropolitical and macroeconomic
changes occurring worldwide.
LO 3-3 Describe how transition economies are moving
toward market-based systems.
LO 3-4 Explain the implications for management practice
of national difference in political economy.

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Introduction
Economic Development
• Differences among nations
• Attractiveness for doing business

• Trends that foster greater economic development
• Democratic forms of government

• Market-based economic reforms
• Legal systems to better enforce property rights
‫لتنمية االقتصادية‬
‫االختالفات بين األمم‬
‫جاذبية لممارسة األعمال التجارية‬
‫التوجهات التي تعزز المزيد من التنمية االقتصادية‬
‫أشكال الحكم الديمقراطي‬

‫اإلصالحات االقتصادية القائمة على السوق‬
‫النظم القانونية لتحسين إنفاذ حقوق الملكية‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Differences in Economic Development 1 of 4
Learning Objective 3-1 Explain what determines the level of economic
development of a nation.

Gross national income (GNI) measures the total annual income
received by residents of a nation.
• Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, and U.S. have high GNI
• China and India have low GNI
• GNI does not consider differences in the cost of living
• Need to adjust GNI figures using purchasing power parity (PPP):
is an adjustment in gross domestic product per capita to reflect differences in
the cost of living.
.‫الدخل القومي اإلجمالي (الدخل القومي اإلجمالي) يقيس مجموع اإليرادات السنوية الواردة من المقيمين في دولة‬
‫ والواليات المتحدة لديها عالية الدخل القومي اإلجمالي‬،‫ وسويسرا‬،‫ والسويد‬،‫اليابان‬
‫الصين والهند لديها منخفضة الدخل القومي اإلجمالي‬
‫الدخل القومي اإلجمالي ال تعتبر االختالفات في تكاليف المعيشة‬

( ‫ تحتاج إلى ضبط أرقام الدخل القومي اإلجمالي باستخدام تعادل القوة الشرائية‬PPP): ‫إجراء تعديل في الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي للفرد الواحد‬
‫تعكس االختالفات في تكاليف المعيشة‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Table 3.1 Economic Data for Select Countries
Country

GNI per
GNI PPP per
Capita, 2016 Capita, 2016
($)
($)

Annual GDP
Growth Rate,
2007-2016 (%)

Size of Economy
GDP, 2016
($ billions)

Brazil

$8,840

$14,810

2.1

$1,796

China

8,260

15,500

9.0

11,199

Germany

43,660

49,530

1.3

3,467

India

1,680

6,490

7.4

2,263

Japan

38,000

42,870

0.5

4,939

Nigeria

2,450

5,740

5.0

405

Poland

12,680

26,770

3.6

470

Russia

9,720

22,540

1.7

1,283

Switzerland

81,240

63,660

1.6

660

United Kingdom

42,390

42,100

1.1

2,618

United States

56,180

58,030

1.3

18,569

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Source: World Development Indicators Online, 2017.

Differences in Economic Development 2 of 4
The “official” figures can be misleading
• Do not account for black economy transactions(also called shadow
economy transactions. These are unrecorded cash transactions or
barter agreements.)
• GNI and PPP data are static and do not consider economic growth rates
• China and India are currently relatively poor, but their economies are
growing more rapidly than many advanced nations

• China may become the world’s largest economy during the next decade
• India will become among the largest economies in the world
‫األرقام “الرسمية” التي يمكن أن تكون مضللة‬
).‫ هذه غير المسجلة المعامالت النقدية أو اتفاقات المقايضة‬.‫ال بحساب معامالت االقتصاد األسود (وتسمى أيضا الحركات اقتصاد الظل‬
‫ وتعادل القوة الشرائية الثابتة وال تنظر في معدالت النمو االقتصادي‬،‫بيانات الدخل القومي اإلجمالي‬
‫ ولكن تنمو اقتصاداتها بسرعة أكبر من العديد من الدول المتقدمة‬،‫الصين والهند حاليا ضعيفة نسبيا‬
‫وقد أصبحت الصين أكبر اقتصاد في العالم خالل العقد المقبل‬

‫وسوف تصبح الهند من بين أكبر االقتصادات في العالم‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Differences in Economic Development 3 of 4
Broader Conceptions of Development: Amartya
Sen
• Economic development should be assessed by the
capabilities and opportunities people enjoy
• Development requires the removal of major impediments to
freedom: poverty, tyranny, poor economic opportunities

• Economic progress requires the democratization of
political communities to give citizens a voice
‫ أمارتيا سين‬:‫مفاهيم أوسع للتنمية‬

‫وينبغي تقييم إمكانيات التنمية االقتصادية والتمتع بفرص الناس‬
‫ الفقر والطغيان وضعف الفرص االقتصادية‬:‫التنمية يتطلب إزالة العقبات الرئيسية التي تعرقل حرية‬

‫التقدم االقتصادي يتطلب إضفاء الطابع الديمقراطي على المجتمعات السياسية إلى إعطاء المواطنين صوت‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Differences in Economic Development 4 of 4
Broader Conceptions of Development: Amartya Sen
continued

• The United Nations used Sen’s ideas to develop the Human
Development Index (HDI) which is based on
• Life expectancy at birth
• Educational attainment

Whether average incomes are sufficient to meet the basic
needs of life in a country ‫ “أمارتيا سن” تابع‬:‫مفاهيم أوسع للتنمية‬
‫األمم المتحدة تستخدم األفكار سين لوضع مؤشر (البشرية) الذي يرتكز على متوسط العمر المتوقع عند الوالدة‬
‫التحصيل العلمي‬
‫ما إذا كان متوسط الدخل تكفي لتلبية االحتياجات األساسية للحياة في بلد‬

Human Development Index (HDI) is an attempt by the United
Nations to assess the impact of a number of factors on the quality of
human life in a country. ‫مؤشر التنمية البشرية (المبادرة) محاولة من جانب األمم المتحدة لتقييم‬

‫تأثير عدد من العوامل في نوعية الحياة البشرية في بلد‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 1 of 6
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Are the Engines of Growth
Innovation
• Includes new products, new processes, new organizations, new management
practices, and new strategies

Entrepreneurs
• First to commercialize innovative products and processes
• Provides much of the dynamism in an economy
‫االبتكار وروح المبادرة هي محركات النمو‬
‫االبتكار‬
‫ وممارسات إدارية جديدة واستراتيجيات جديدة‬،‫ منظمات جديدة‬،‫وتشمل منتجات جديدة وعمليات جديدة‬
‫رجال األعمال‬
‫أوال ً لتسويق المنتجات والعمليات االبتكارية‬
‫ويوفر الكثير من الدينامية في االقتصا‬

Innovation refers to the development of new products, processes, organizations, management
practices, and strategies.

Entrepreneurs are those who first commercialize innovations.
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 2 of 6
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Require a Market
Economy
• Little incentive to develop new innovations in planned
economies because the state owns all means of
production and therefore, the gains

• Strong relationship between economic freedom and
economic growth
‫االبتكار وروح المبادرة تحتاج إلى اقتصاد السوق‬
‫ ولذلك فإن المكاسب‬،‫حافز كبير لتطوير االبتكارات الجديدة في االقتصادات المخططة ألن تملك الدولة جميع وسائل اإلنتاج‬
‫عالقة قوية بين الحرية االقتصادية والنمو االقتصادي‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 3 of 6
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Require Strong
Property Rights
• Without strong property rights, individuals and
businesses risk having innovations and potential
profits stolen

• Economist Hernando de Soto claims that inadequate
property protection in many developing nations limits
economic growth
‫االبتكار وروح المبادرة تتطلب حقوق الملكية قوية‬
‫ واألفراد والشركات تخاطر باالبتكارات واألرباح المحتملة سرقت‬،‫دون حقوق الملكية قوية‬
‫ويدعي الخبير االقتصادي هيرناندو دي سوتو أن حماية الملكية غير كافية في كثير من تطوير األمم حدود النمو االقتصادي‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 4 of 6
The Required Political System
• Democratic regimes are probably more conducive to long-term
economic growth
• Property rights are only secure in well-functioning, mature
democracies
• Totalitarian states are detrimental to progress
• They limit freedom
• They suppress human development
‫مطلوب ه النظام السياسي‬
‫األنظمة الديمقراطية ربما أكثر مالءمة للنمو االقتصادي على المدى الطويل‬

‫ ويعمل بشكل جيد‬،‫حقوق الملكية فقط آمنة في الديمقراطيات الناضجة‬
‫الدول الشمولية تضر بالتقدم‬
‫أنها تحد من حرية‬
‫قمع التنمية البشرية‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 5 of 6
Economic Progress Begets Democracy
• Economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes
• South Korea

• Taiwan
• If China adopts a free market system, belief is that the country
will have
• Greater individual freedoms

• Democracy
“‫االقتصادية “الديمقراطية يولد التقدم‬
‫ويؤدي النمو االقتصادي إلى إقامة أنظمة ديمقراطية‬

‫كوريا الجنوبية‬
‫تايوان‬
‫ االعتقاد بأن البلد‬،‫إذا الصين تتبنى نظام سوق الحر‬
‫المزيد من الحريات الفردية‬
‫الديمقراطية‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Economy and Economic Progress 6 of 6
Geography, Education, and Economic Development
• Economist Jeffrey Sachs argues that countries with favorable
geography are
• More likely to engage in trade

• More open to market-based systems
• Countries that invest in education have higher growth rates
because the workforce is more productive
• Countries in Southeast Asia have offset their geographical
disadvantage by investing in education
‫ والتنمية االقتصادية‬،‫ والتعليم‬،‫الجغرافيا‬
‫يقول الخبير االقتصادي جيفري ساكس أن البلدان مع الجغرافيا مواتية‬

‫أكثر عرضه لالنخراط في التجارة‬
‫أكثر انفتاحا ً على األنظمة المستندة إلى السوق‬

‫البلدان التي تستثمر في التعليم لديها معدالت نمو أعلى ألن أكثر إنتاجية القوى العاملة‬
‫دول جنوب شرق آسيا قد إزاحة صالحها الجغرافي عن طريق االستثمار في التعليم‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

States in Transition 1 of 6
Learning Objective 3-2 Identify the macropolitical and macroeconomic changes
occurring worldwide.

Political economy of nation-states is marked by two trends
1. Democratic revolutions of the late 1980s and early 1990s

• Totalitarian governments fell
• Replaced by democratically elected governments
• Greater commitment to free market capitalism
2. A move away from centrally planned and mixed economies
toward a more free market approach
‫ويتسم االقتصاد السياسي للدول القومية باتجاهين‬
‫الثورات الديمقراطية في أواخر الثمانينات وأوائل التسعينات‬
‫سقطت الحكومات االستبدادية‬
‫االستعاضة عن الحكومات المنتخبة ديمقراطيا‬
‫التزام أكبر لتحرير السوق الرأسمالية‬
‫االبتعاد عن االقتصادات المخططة مركزيا ً والمختلطة نحو اتباع نهج سوق حرة أكثر‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

States in Transition 2 of 6
The Spread of Democracy
• Many totalitarian regimes failed to deliver economic progress to the
bulk of their populations
• New information and communication technologies

• Reduced state’s ability to control access to uncensored
information
• Created new conduits for the spread of democratic ideals
• Economic advances have led to a prosperous middle class that has
pushed for democratic reforms
‫انتشار الديمقراطية‬
،‫العديد من النظم االستبدادية أخفقت في تحقيق التقدم االقتصادي للجزء األكبر سكانها‬

‫التكنولوجيات الجديدة للمعلومات واالتصاالت‬
‫الحد من قدرة الدولة على التحكم في الوصول إلى معلومات غير خاضعة للرقابة‬

‫إنشاء قنوات جديدة النتشار المثل الديمقراطية‬
‫أدت التطورات االقتصادية لطبقة متوسطة مزدهرة ودفعت لإلصالحات الديمقراطية‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

States in Transition 3 of 6
The Spread of Democracy continued
• It is naïve to conclude that the spread of democracy will continue unchallenged

• Democracy is still rare in parts of the world
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Former communist Eastern and central Europe and former USSR
• Middle East and North Africa

• Signs that authoritarianism is gaining ground
• Russia, Ukraine, Indonesia, Ecuador, and Venezuela
• Egypt
“‫استمر “نشر الديمقراطية‬
‫فمن السذاجة إلبرام أن انتشار الديمقراطية ستواصل دون منازع‬
“‫الديمقراطية ال تزال نادرة في أجزاء من العالم “في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى‬
‫الشرقية الشيوعية السابقة وأوروبا الوسطى واالتحاد السوفياتي السابق‬
‫الشرق األوسط وشمال أفريقيا‬
‫عالمات على أن يكتسب االستبداد‬
‫ واإلكوادور وفنزويال‬،‫ وإندونيسيا‬،‫روسيا وأوكرانيا‬
‫مصر‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Map 3.5 Freedom in the World, 2017

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Source: The Freedom House Survey Team, “Freedom in the World 2017,” www.freedomhouse.org

States in Transition 4 of 6
The New World Order and Global Terrorism
• Author Francis Fukuyama argues the new world order will be
characterized by democratic regimes and free market capitalism
• Political scientist Samuel Huntington argues that while many societies
are modernizing, they are not becoming more Western
• Predicts a world split into different civilizations that will be in
conflict making business difficult
• Political position is more likely to be somewhere between Fukuyama
and Huntington
‫أن النظام العالمي الجديد واإلرهاب العالمي‬
‫ويقول الكاتب فرانسيس فوكوياما النظام العالمي الجديد سيتميز بالنظم الديمقراطية والسوق الحرة الرأسمالية‬

‫ ال تصبح أكثر غربية‬،‫ويقول الباحث السياسي صمويل هنتنغتون أنه بينما يتم تحديث العديد من المجتمعات‬
‫ويتوقع عالم تقسيم الحضارات المختلفة التي سوف تكون في الصراع مما يجعل األعمال الصعبة‬

‫الموقف السياسي من المرجح أن يكون في مكان ما بين فوكوياما وهنتنغتون‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

States in Transition 5 of 6
The New World Order and Global Terrorism continued
• Global terrorism is a product of tensions between civilizations
and a clash of value systems and ideology
• Al-Qaeda and ISIS
• Struggle between radicalized Sunni and Shia factions within
Islam
• Former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell maintains that
terrorism is one of the major threats to world peace and
economic progress
‫وواصل النظام العالمي الجديد واإلرهاب العالمي‬
‫اإلرهاب العالمي نتاج للتوترات بين الحضارات والصدام بين النظم القيمية واأليديولوجية‬
‫القاعدة وايزيس‬
‫الصراع بين الشيعة والسنة التطرف الفصائل داخل اإلسالم‬
‫يحتفظ وزير الخارجية األمريكي السابق كولن بأول أن اإلرهاب أحد التهديدات الرئيسية للسالم العالمي والتقدم االقتصادي‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

States in Transition 6 of 6
The Spread of Market-Based Systems
• A shift from centrally planned economies to market-based
economies
• More than 30 countries in the former Soviet Union and
eastern European communist bloc
• Change also occurring in Asian and African states
• Command and mixed economies failed to deliver the
sustained economic growth achieved in market-based
countries
‫انتشار النظم المستندة إلى السوق‬

‫تحول من االقتصادات المخططة مركزيا ً إلى اقتصادات السوق‬
‫ بلدا في االتحاد السوفياتي السابق والكتلة الشيوعية األوروبية الشرقية‬30 ‫أكثر من‬
‫تغيير تحدث أيضا في الدول اآلسيوية واألفريقية‬
‫األمر واالقتصادات المختلطة أخفقت في تحقيق النمو االقتصادي الذي تحقق في البلدان القائمة على السوق‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Map 3.6 Index of Economic Freedom, 2017

Jump to long description in appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Source: The Freedom House Survey Team, “Freedom in the World 2016.” www.freedomhouse.org

The Nature of Economic Transformation 1 of 4
Learning Objective 3-3 Describe how transition economies are moving toward
market-based systems.

The shift toward a market-based system involves
•

Deregulation refers to the removal of government
restrictions concerning the conduct of a business

•

Privatization transfers the ownership of state property
into the hands of private individuals

•

A legal system to safeguard property rights

‫ينطوي على التحول نحو نظام قائم على السوق‬
‫إلغاء الضوابط التنظيمية تشير إلى إزالة القيود المفروضة على الحكومة فيما يتعلق بسلوك األعمال التجارية‬
‫الخصخصة نقل ملكية ممتلكات الدولة في أيدي األفراد‬
‫نظام قانوني لحماية حقوق الملكية‬

©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Nature of Economic Transformation 2 of 4
Deregulation
• Deregulation in command economies
• Removing price controls
• Abolishing laws regulating the establishment and operation of private
enterprise
• Relaxing or removing restrictions on direct investment by foreign enterprises

•

Deregulation in mixed economies involved the same initiatives as in
command economies
• Transition was easier due to a vibrant private sector

‫التحرر من القيود‬
‫إلغاء الضوابط التنظيمية في اقتصادات األوامر‬
‫إزالة ضوابط األسعار‬
‫إلغاء القوانين التي تنظم إنشاء وتشغيل المشاريع الخاصة‬
‫تخفيف أو إزالة القيود المفروضة على االستثمار المباشر بالشركات األجنبية‬
‫التحرر من القيود في اقتصادات مختلطة تشارك نفس المبادرات كما هو الحال في اقتصادات األوامر‬
‫وكان انتقال أسهل بسبب وجود قطاع خاص نشط‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Nature of Economic Transformation 3 of 4
Privatization
• A way to stimulate economic efficiency
• Started in Great Britain in early 1980s
• In many nations economic activity is still in the hands of state-owned
enterprises
• Selling state-owned enterprises not enough to guarantee economic
growth
• For privatization to work it must be paired with a general deregulation
and opening of the economy
‫التحول إلى القطاع الخاص‬
‫طريقة لتشجيع الكفاءة االقتصادية‬

‫بدأ في بريطانيا العظمى في أوائل الثمانينات‬
‫النشاط االقتصادي في العديد من الدول ال تزال في أيدي الشركات المملوكة للدولة‬
‫بيع الشركات المملوكة للدولة ال يكفي لضمان النمو االقتصادي‬
‫يجب إقران للتحول إلى القطاع الخاص للعمل مع رفع القيود العامة وانفتاح االقتصاد‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

The Nature of Economic Transformation 4 of 4
Legal Systems
• A well-functioning market economy requires laws
• Need to protect property rights
• Mechanisms for contract enforcement
• Adoption of a legal system requires time to function well
• Institutional weaknesses undermine contract enforcement in most countries
• Progress being made regarding laws on property rights
‫األنظمة القانونية‬

‫اقتصاد سوق يعمل بشكل جيد يتطلب قوانين‬
‫الحاجة إلى حماية حقوق الملكية‬
‫آليات إلنفاذ العقود‬
‫اعتماد نظام قانوني يتطلب وقتا ً لتعمل بشكل جيد‬
‫أوجه الضعف المؤسسي تقويض إنفاذ العقود في معظم البلدان‬
‫التقدم المحرز فيما يتعلق بالقوانين المتعلقة بحقوق الملكية‬
©McGraw-Hill Education.

Implications of Changing Political Economy
Ideological conflict between collectivism and individualism is less prevalent
today
•

Western ideology more widespread

•

Markets formerly off-limits to Western business are now open presenting a huge
potential for business
‫الصراع اإليديولوجي بين الجماعية‬
Potential risks are large
‫والفردية أقل انتشارا اليوم‬
• Will democracy thrive during difficult times?
‫األيديولوجية الغربية أكثر انتشارا‬
‫األسواق ممنوعة سابقا على األعمال‬
• Will totalitarian regimes return?
‫الغربية مفتوحة اآلن تقديم إمكانات ضخمة‬
• Is the risk associated with investment worth it? ‫لألعمال التجارية‬
‫هناك مخاطر محتملة كبيرة‬
• Is China’s financial system stable?
‫وسوف تزدهر الديمقراطية خالل األوقات‬
‫العصيبة؟‬
‫هل سيعود األنظمة االستبدادية؟‬
‫هي المخاطر المرتبطة باالستثمار يستحق‬
‫كل هذا العناء؟‬
‫هو النظام المالي في الصين مستقرة؟‬

•

©McGraw-Hill Education.

Focus on Managerial Implications 1 of 5
Learning Objective 3-4 Explain the implications for management practice…
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