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Module 02: Data Management, Analytics, and Business Intelligence

Description

Module 02: Data Management, Analytics, and Business Intelligence

In this module, we dive deeper into the topic of data, which is one of an organization’s most valuable assets. We will explore how data is managed and stored, how it is analyzed, and its importance to decision-making.

While you work through this module, think about all of the data that is gathered by your organization, or an organization you know well. Is this data treated as a valuable asset? What technologies are utilized to maintain the data and to convert it into formats that are meaningful to users? How is it used by managers to make decisions?

Question Requirements:

Discussion Topic

Research two electronic records management vendors.

Discuss the retention recommendations made by the vendors? Why do they make these recommendations?
Discuss the services or solutions each vendor offers. Why are these important to a business manager?

Discuss the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your textbooks and cite any other sources if appropriate.

Your initial post should address all components of the question with a 500 word limit.

Learning Outcomes

Examine databases and database technologies.
Analyze the use of data analytics in business.
Articulate the ways in which an organization utilizes data and text mining.
Examine trends including business intelligence and electronic records management.

Readings

Required:

Chapter 3 in Information Technology for Management: On-Demand Strategies for Performance, Growth, and Sustainability
Zheng, J., & Khalid, H. (2022). The Adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning and Business Intelligence Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Conceptual Framework. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 1–15.
View the following videos:
Chapter 3 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 1
Chapter 3 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 2

Recommended:

Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation

IT for Management: On-Demand Strategies for
Performance, Growth, and Sustainability
Twelfth Edition
Turban, Pollard, Wood

Chapter 3
Data Management, Data Warehouses, and
Data Governance

Learning Objectives (1 of 5)
Data
Management

Electronic
Document,
Record, and
Content
Management

Information
Management

Data
Warehouses
and Data
Marts

Data
Governance
and Master
Data
Management
(MDM)

Data Management (1 of 2)
• Oversees the end-to-end lifecycle of data from creation
and initial storage to the time when it becomes
obsolete and is deleted.
• The goals of effective data management include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Mitigating the risks and costs of complying with regulations.
Ensuring legal requirements are met.
Safeguarding data security.
Maintaining accuracy of data and availability.
Certifying consistency in data that come from or go to
multiple locations.
Ensuring that data conform to organizational best practices
for access, storage, backup, and disposal.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Data Management (2 of 2)
• Benefits of data management include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

greater compliance
higher security
less legal liability
improved sales and marketing strategies
better product classification
improved data governance to reduce risk.

Data Management: Database
Technologies
• Database: A collection of data sets or records stored in
a systematic way
• Database management system: (DBMS) Software that
integrates with data collection systems to store data in an
organized way and provide facilities for accessing and managing
data.
• Data warehouse: Large data set that integrates data from
multiple databases and data silos across the organization, and
organizes them for complex analysis, knowledge discovery, and
to support decision-making.
• Data mart: A small-scale data warehouse that supports a single
function or one department.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Data Management: Databases
• Transaction: a single logical unit of work that accesses
and possibly modifies the contents of a database.
• Centralized database: stores all data as a unified body
in a single central computer such as a mainframe or
server in one physical location.
• Distributed database: stores portions of the database
on multiple computers controlled by a database
management system (DBMS) within a network in a
client-server configuration.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Data Management: Centralized
database
Benefits
1. Better control of data
quality
2. Ease of use
3. Better IT security
4. Better data integrity

Disadvantages
1. Transmission delay
2. Security
3. Reliability
4. Scalability

Data Management: Distributed
databases
Advantages
1. Security
2. Reliability
3. Speed
4. Scalability

Disadvantages
1. Availability
2. Expense
3. Security

Database Management System (DBMS)
• Online transaction processing (OLTP): a database
design that breaks down complex information into
simpler data tables to strike a balance between
transaction processing efficiency and query efficiency.
• Online analytics processing (OLAP): the analysis of
complex data from a data warehouse.

Database Management: Elements of a DBMS
• Four important elements:
1. data structure
2. data modeling language
3. data query language, and
4. transaction mechanisms.

Elements of a DBMS: Data
structure
• A specialized format for organizing and storing
data. General data structures include, file,
record, table, tree, and so on.

Elements of a
DBMS: Data
modeling language

•Approaches to the modeling
language of the DBMS include
hierarchical, network,
relational, and object-oriented.

Data modeling
language: Network

A data model that allows
multiple records to be
linked to the same
parent.

Data modeling
language:
Relational

•An approach to managing
data using a structure and
language that involves the
use of data tables to collect
groups of elements into
relations.

Data modeling
language:
Object-Oriented
(OO)

•A data model that supports
the modelling and creation
of data entities as objects
that contain both data and
the relationships of those
data.

Data modeling
language:
Blockchain

•A distributed ledger
represented by a sequential
chain of data blocks that
records transactions,
establishes identity of the
user, and establishes
contracts.

Data modeling language: Blockchain
•

Blockchains are also designed to be secure and build trust.

•

The blocks in a blockchain are chained together using
cryptographically created keys (hash).
Hash: a function that takes an input value and outputs a unique
fixed-size hexadecimal number that is the cryptographically
created key for the data.
Proof-of-work and peer-to-peer network are two other
mechanisms that are used to boost the security of the
blockchain.

•

In all industry sectors, the level of trust and security that
currently only blockchain can offer is critical to a secure supply
chain.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Elements of a DBMS:
Data Query Language

•Query is an ad hoc (unplanned)
user request for specific data.

• Structure Query Language (SQL) is the most widely-used mainstream
declarative language that works with any database to simplify data access by
requiring that users only declare what data they want rather than tell the
DBMS how to get it.

• NoSQL is a non-relational database
query language.

Data
Query
Language:
Not Only
SQL
(NoSQL)

• The advantages of NoSQL include:
• higher performance
• easy distribution of data on different
nodes, which enables scalability and
fault tolerance
• greater flexibility
• simpler administration

• NewSQL is the latest type of
scalable database that supports a
SQL interface. It combines the
reliability of SQL and the speed and
performance of NoSQL to provide
better functionality and services
and provide database
administrators with ACID
performance guarantees.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

DBMS Vendor Rankings
•

The top five enterprise database management
systems of 2019 are:
1. Oracle’s Database 18c,
2. Microsoft SQL Server 2019,
3. IBM DB2,
4. SAP Sybase ASE, and
5. PostgreSQL

Data Management : Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Describe the purpose and benefits of data management.
Define a database and a database management system (DBMS).
What are the four elements of a DBMS?
Explain what an online transaction-processing (OLAP) system
does, and which database technology is most appropriate for its
use.

5. Describe the functions of a DBMS.
6. What is a relational database management system?
7. What are the main elements of a block in a blockchain?
8. What are the three mechanisms that help keep a blockchain
secure?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Learning Objectives (2 of 5)
Data
Management

Electronic
Document,
Record, and
Content
Management

Information
Management

Data
Warehouses
and Data
Marts

Data
Governance
and Master
Data
Management
(MDM)

Data Warehouses and Data Marts
• Data warehouse is a central depository of integrated
data from one or more disparate sources.
• Data mart is a small-scale data warehouse that
supports a single function or one department.

Moving Data from a Database to a Data
Warehouse or a Data Mart
• Data are moved in three main steps:
1. Extracted from designated databases.
2. Transformed by standardizing formats, cleaning the
data, and integrating them.
3. Loaded into a data warehouse.

Building and Using a Data Warehouse

Real-Time Support from an Active Data
Warehouse
•

Active data warehouse (ADW): the technical ability
to capture transactions when they change and
integrate them into the warehouse along with
maintaining bath or scheduled cycle refreshes.
• Companies with an ADW are able to:
• Interact with a customer to provide superior
customer service.
• Respond to business events in near real time.
• Share up-to-date status data among merchants,
vendors, customers, and associates.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Data Warehousing Supports Action as
Well as Decisions
•

•

Data warehouses are infrastructure investments that
companies in a variety of industries make to support
ongoing and future operations, including: Marketing,
Pricing and contracts, Forecasting, Sales, and Financial
Enterprise data warehouses (EDWs) are data
warehouses that integrate data from many different
databases across an entire enterprise.

Data Lakes

•A single store of structured,
semi-structured, and
unstructured enterprise data
stored in its natural format.

Data Warehouses and Data Marts:
Questions
1. What are the differences between databases and data
warehouses?
2. What are the differences between data warehouses and data
marts?
3. Explain ETL.
4. Explain CDC.
5. What is an advantage of an enterprise data warehouse (EDW)?
6. Why might a company invest in a data mart instead of a data
warehouse?
7. What levels of an organization benefit most from a data
warehouse?
8. How is a data lake different from a data warehouse?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Learning Objectives (3 of 5)
Data
Management

Electronic
Document,
Record, and
Content
Management

Information
Management

Data
Warehouses
and Data
Marts

Data
Governance
and Master
Data
Management
(MDM)

Data Governance and Master Data
Management (MDM)
• Data governance is the overall management of the
availability, usability, integrity, and security of data
used in an enterprise.
• Three industries that rely heavily on data governance:
• Food industry
• Financial services industry
• Health-care industry

Master Data and Master Data
Management (MDM)
• Master data: the term used to describe businesscritical information on customers, products and
services, vendors, locations, employees, and other
things needed for operations and business transactions
• Master data management (MDM) integrates data from
various sources or enterprise applications to create a
more complete (unified) view of a customer, product,
or other entity.

Master Reference File and Data Entities
• Data entity is anything real or abstract about which a
company wants to collect and store data.
• Master file is a collection of records describing one of
the main entities in a database, such as customers,
products, employees, and vendor. It is usually
periodically updated.
• Customer-centric is an approach to doing business that
focuses on providing a positive customer experience at
and after the point of sale to drive profit and gain
competitive advantage.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Benefits of Data Governance and
Master Data Management
1. Improved regulatory compliance
2. More efficient decision-making
3. Improved data understanding
4. Increased revenue

Data Governance and Master Data
Management (MDM): Questions
1. Explain why it is important to develop an effective data
governance program?
2. Explain the purposes of master data management.
3. Why has interest in data governance and MDM increased?
4. What are two ways that data is used in business?
5. What are three benefits of data governance.

Learning Objectives (4 of 5)
Data
Management

Electronic
Document,
Record, and
Content
Management

Information
Management

Data
Warehouses
and Data
Marts

Data
Governance
and Master
Data
Management
(MDM)

Information Management
• Information management is the process of collecting,
storing, managing, and maintaining data that is
accurate, timely, reliable, valid, available, unique, and
relevant to an organization

Data Life Cycle and Data Principles (1 of 2)

Data Life Cycle and Data Principles (2 of 2)
• Three general data principles relate to the data life
cycle perspective and help guide IT investment
decisions. These are:
1. Principle of diminishing data value
2. Principle of 90/90 data use
3. Principle of data in context

Breaking
Down Data
Silos
• Data silo are standalone data stores.
Their data are not
accessible by other
ISs that need it or
outside that
department.

Culture Must Change
• Moving from silos to collaboration requires a culture
change:
1. Publicly acknowledge shared goals
2. Embrace the “why”
3. Culture comes from the top

Garbage In, Garbage Out
• Dirty data are data of such poor quality that they
cannot be trusted or relied upon for decisions
• Inaccurate Data
• Missing Data
• Poorly Designed Interfaces
• Nonstandardized Data Formats
• Outdated Data

The Cost of Dirty Data
• Lost business
• Time spent preventing errors
• Time spent correcting errors

Information Management Benefits
1. Improved decision quality
2. Improved accuracy and reliability of management
predictions
3. Lower time and cost
4. Better data quality

Information Management : Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

What are the stages of the data lifecycle?
What is the function of master data management (MDM)?
What are the consequences of not cleaning “dirty data”?
What is the “silo effect” and how does it affect business
performance?
5. What three factors are driving collaboration and information
sharing?
6. What are the business benefits of information management?
7. Why is it important to have good information management
practices?
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Learning Objectives (4 of 5)
Data
Management

Electronic
Document,
Record, and
Content
Management

Information
Management

Data
Warehouses
and Data
Marts

Data
Governance
and Master
Data
Management
(MDM)

Electronic Document, Record,
and Content Management
• Electronic content is a collection of documents,
records, and unstructured data available as a broad
range of digital assets, such as audio, video, flash,
multimedia files, and so on.
• Electronic document is any paper, electronic form, file,
email, fax, contract, lease, and so on actively being
worked on.
• Electronic record is any document that has been made
final and is no longer meant to be altered.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Electronic Document Management, EDMS,
and Electronic Records Management
• Electronic document management is the electronic
storage, maintenance, and tracking of electronic
documents and electronic images of paper-based
information.
• Electronic document management system is a
software system for creating, organizing, storing, and
retrieving different kinds of electronic documents.
• Electronic record management establishes policies and
standards for maintaining diverse types of records.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Electronic Records Management Systems
• ERMS is the technology tool used to electronically manage the
creation and maintenance of records within classification
schemes, apply retention and disposal schedules, and control
access and use.
• ERMS can help a business by:
• Enabling the company to access and use the content
contained in documents.
• Cutting labor costs by automating business processes.
• Reducing the time and effort required to locate information
the business needs to support decision-making.
• Improving the security of content, thereby reducing the risk of
intellectual property theft.
• Minimizing the costs associated with printing, storing, and
searching for content.
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Enterprise Content Management and
ECMS
• Enterprise content management is the capture,
storage, retrieval, and management of a diverse set of
digital assets including documents, records, emails,
electronic communications, images, video, flash, audio,
and multimedia.
• Enterprise content management system (ECMS)
captures, preserves, and manages structured and
unstructured a wide variety of digital assets and
secures them digitally in compliance with policies.

Choosing an EDMS, ERMS, or ECMS (1 of 2)
• When choosing an EDMS, ERMS, or ECMS it is important to
match the strategic needs of the company with the capabilities
of the system
• Critical differences between an EDMS and an ERMS:
1.

EDMS users need to check in and check out stored
documents quickly and easily and unlock them for future
revision, while maintaining version tracking and histories of
access, whereas ERMS users require that records be kept
in their original format for retrieval for compliance or legal
reasons
Software security is essential in an ERMS, but only
desirable in a EDMS.

Choosing an EDMS, ERMS, or ECMS (2 of 2)
• An ECMS has a broader mission. It differs from EDMS and ERMS
in that:
1. It is designed to facilitate record lifecycle management,
information governance, and collaboration.
2. An ECMS also provides a single source of trusted
information. It also provides version control and
synchronization, along with intuitive search and
discovery functions.
3. An ECMS also can integrate with other applications to
deliver viewable content across multiple platforms,
along with security and optimized business processes
in its content storage and retrieval systems
Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Electronic Document, Record,
and Content Management: Questions
1.

Define the term “electronic content.”

Describe the main differences between an electronic document and an
electronic record.

Why do companies use an electronic records management system?

Names three types of lawsuits that can be brought against a company
related to their electronic records.

What characteristic of an ERMS allows employees to access and
change only the documents they are authorized to handle?

What is the difference between an electronic document management
system (EDMS) and an electronic record management system (ERMS)?

Copyright
Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
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copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the

Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up
copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs
or from the use of the information contained herein.

Module 02: Data Management, Analytics, and Business Intelligence
In this module, we dive deeper into the topic of data, which is one of an organization’s most
valuable assets. We will explore how data is managed and stored, how it is analyzed, and
its importance to decision-making.
While you work through this module, think about all of the data that is gathered by your
organization, or an organization you know well. Is this data treated as a valuable asset?
What technologies are utilized to maintain the data and to convert it into formats that are
meaningful to users? How is it used by managers to make decisions?
Question Requirements:
Discussion Topic
Research two electronic records management vendors.
1. Discuss the retention recommendations made by the vendors? Why do they
make these recommendations?
2. Discuss the services or solutions each vendor offers. Why are these important
to a business manager?
Discuss the concepts, principles, and theories from your textbook. Cite your
textbooks and cite any other sources if appropriate.
Your initial post should address all components of the question with a 500 word limit.
Learning Outcomes
1. Examine databases and database technologies.
2. Analyze the use of data analytics in business.
3. Articulate the ways in which an organization utilizes data and text mining.
4. Examine trends including business intelligence and electronic records
management.
Readings
Required:
• Chapter 3 in Information Technology for Management: On-Demand Strategies for
Performance, Growth, and Sustainability
• Zheng, J., & Khalid, H. (2022). The Adoption of Enterprise Resource Planning and
Business Intelligence Systems in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Conceptual
Framework. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 1–15.

• View the following videos:
• Chapter 3 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 1
• Chapter 3 Whiteboard Animation Videos, part 2
Recommended:
• Chapter 3 PowerPoint Presentation

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