Our Services

Get 15% Discount on your First Order

[rank_math_breadcrumb]

P1R1

100 word response with 1 reference/intext citation

Due 2/7/2025

Charlize

There are many principles that shape the boundaries of law enforcement actions and criminal investigations. Reasonable suspicion is the legal standard that allows law enforcement officers to stop and detain a person, when there is factual evidence of criminal activity arising. This standard was established after a Cleveland police officer observed three men frantic in front of a store. The officer thought they were preparing for potential robbery, based on his training, and stopped them. He performed a quick pat-down, and found a concealed weapon on one of the suspects, leading to his conviction. Due to the 
Terry v. Ohio (1968) case, officers can conduct a limited pat-down search for weapons if they suspect a threat to their safety. There must be facts to back up the stop, it can’t be based on a hunch. There are now traffic stops, airport security screenings, and school searches. Depending on the facts being used the court will decide how to interpret this concept. Officers tend to struggle distinguishing between reasonable suspicion and mere intuition. Probable cause is the standard required for arrests, search warrants, and some warrantless searches. Based on facts and circumstances, investigators can conclude if there is a fair probability that a crime has been committed, or that crime exists in a particular place. Osterburg and Ward states “Probable cause requires more than bare suspicion but less than evidence that would justify a conviction.” (2013, p. 157). There must be probable cause based on evidence for an officer to make an arrest. Officers are allowed to search a car without a search warrant if they have probable cause. For instance, if an officer smells THC or observes a beer bottle in the car, that is enough evidence for them to conclude an individual has driven intoxicated. Courts examine whether the officer’s belief was objectively reasonable under the circumstances. Inconsistent rulings on what constitutes sufficient probable cause is a big challenge due to varying interpretations by judges. Probable cause can also be challenged in suppression hearings. The principle Reasonable Expectation of Privacy, determines whether government action constitutes a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. This principle was put in place after the government convicted Katz of transmitting wagering information out of state. The government recorded Katz conversations inside a public phone booth, then Katz argued that it was a violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. Katz won the case and the courts found it unlawful. Due to 
Katz V. United States (1967), privacy extends beyond physical property. Privacy includes personal places where an individual has a subjective privacy that society deems reasonable. Courts struggle to define the limits of privacy in rapidly evolving areas. These principles set boundaries on officers authority, ensuring investigative actions comply with constitutional protections. In these areas, challenges will always arise as long as people and the earth evolve. The courts interpret these principles based on the totality of circumstances. The interplay between these principles shapes the balance between individual rights and public safety. 

Share This Post

Email
WhatsApp
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Pinterest
Reddit

Order a Similar Paper and get 15% Discount on your First Order

Related Questions

week 1 discussions

discussions 2 discussions 250 word minimum Discussion 1 There are three budgeting formats that are used in the budgeting process: line item, performance, and program. Discuss the value/benefits that each format contributes to the budget process. Discussion 2 Of the three budget formats, line item, performance, and program, which format

Discussion

Discuss some of the issues involved in equipment purchases.  What are the direct costs, the reoccurring costs and indirect costs that you can think of. Discussion the impact of budget costs on a Lab and the direct and indirect effects on other submitting Agencies.  If your costs go up where

Write a reflection

Write a reflection for the following sources attached. Must answer the following questions:  [Provide a concise summary of key points from all assigned materials.] Critical Thinking [Analyze and connect the materials using these guiding questions: What are the key takeaways from this week’s materials? How do the materials connect to

Create a visual presentation

create a visual presentation using your preferred program (e.g., Canva, PowerPoint). This project aims for you to creatively express your understanding of the book, its connection to our learning materials, and propose policy recommendations for improving the criminal justice system. Throughout, you should include visuals (images, illustrations, icons) that enhance

Sab 1

Why is the United States the only western industrialized nation to routinely employ capital punishment?

CJ 230 Module Five Practice Activity

Please see the below attached for details Module Five Practice Activity Guidelines and Rubric.html CJ 230 Module Five Practice Activity Guidelines and Rubric Overview In this practice activity, you will identify the steps of the decision-making process within a scenario. You will then craft an objective summary of the decision-making

Law – Criminal CJ 230 Module Six Assignment

Please the attached below for details. Module Six Assignment Guidelines and Rubric.html CJ 230 Module Six Assignment Guidelines and Rubric Overview In this assignment, you will explore how laws can limit or rely on discretion, and how aspects of an agency’s culture can influence discretion. Prompt In Module Four, you learned

CJ 230 Module Six Practice Activity

Please see attached below for details. CJ 230 Module Six Practice Activity Template Discovery in a Court Case Complete the table below by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. Court Case in APA Format Role of Discovery Discovery and Discretionary Decisions Discovery and Documentation [Insert text.] [Insert text.]

Criminal Justice

Writing Assignment: A Love Story Instructions: Please read the following story. After reading the story, rank the five characters in the story in the space provided below it, beginning with the one you consider as most offensive, and ending with the one you consider as least objectionable. Also, note your

WK8 Db Response

See attached. CJUS 350 Discussion Assignment Instructions The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least

Summative Assessment: Research Statistics Presentation

In this course, you have learned about research statistics and their relevance to the world of criminal justice. This week, you will synthesize your learning and explain how criminal justice researchers use statistics to effect change throughout the criminal justice system. A criminal justice research specialist will not only conduct research, they

Questions

Help with questions to be answered with in-text and a reference

Why You Need a Family Law Attorney in Santa Ana

Family law matters, including divorce, child custody, and spousal support disputes, can be emotionally and legally complex. Navigating these issues without professional guidance can result in costly mistakes and unfavorable outcomes. Hiring a <a href=” law attorney in Santa Ana</a> ensures your rights are protected and your case is handled

DB

See attached. CJUS 350 Discussion Assignment Instructions The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least

Critique

See attachments Your paper must be in the APA 7th edition format. You must have a title page, abstract, critique content, in-text citation, and reference page. You are required to reference at least two additional journal articles besides the one that you chose to critique. Put another way, your reference page should have

DB Response

See attached. CJUS 350 Discussion Assignment Instructions The student will complete 8 Discussions in this course. The student will post one thread of at least 400 words by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student must then post at least 2 replies of at least

Criminal Justice

Article review must be: 1. At least two pages not including reference page. 2. Very clear and understandable summary 3. All scholarly (peer reviewed articles or law reviews) that clearly support or refutes the conclusion. APA Must have at least 3 references.