Chapter 6 Study Guide: Sensation and Perception (There is no word count, just answer questions from answer list)
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MODULE 17 REVIEW
Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Test Yourself: Answer these repeated Learning Objective Questions to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).
1. What are sensation and perception? What do we mean by bottom-up processing and top-down processing?
2. What three steps are basic to all of our sensory systems?
3. How do absolute thresholds and difference thresholds differ?
4. How are we affected by subliminal stimulation?
5. What is the function of sensory adaptation?
6. How do our expectations, contexts, motivation, and emotions influence our perceptions?
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Test Yourself: Write down the definitions.
sensation
sensory receptors
perception
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
transduction
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
subliminal stimulation
priming
difference threshold
Weber’s law
sensory adaptation
perceptual set
Experience the Testing Effect
Test Yourself: Answer the following questions.
1. Sensation is to ____________as perception is to .
A. absolute threshold; difference threshold
B. bottom-up processing; top-down processing
C. interpretation; detection
D. grouping; priming
2. The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called ___________.
3. Subliminal stimuli are
A. too weak to be processed by the brain.
B. consciously perceived more than 50 percent of the time.
C. strong enough to affect our behavior at least 75 percent of the time.
D. below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
4. Another term for difference threshold is the _____________ ________ _________ .
5. Weber’s law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by a.
A. A fixed or constant energy amount.
B. a constant minimum percentage.
C. a constantly changing amount.
D. more than 7 percent.
6. Sensory adaptation helps us focus on
A. visual stimuli.
B. auditory stimuli.
C. constant features of the environment.
D. important changes in the environment.
7. Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our
A. experiences, assumptions, and expectations.
B. Sensory adaptation.
C. priming ability.
D. difference thresholds.
MODULE 18 REVIEW
Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing
Learning Objectives
Test Yourself: Answer these repeated Learning Objectives to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).
1. What are the characteristics of light energy? What structures in the eye help focus that energy?
2. How do the rods and cones process information, and what is the path information travels from the eye to the brain?
3. How do sighted people perceive color in the world around them?
4. Where are feature detectors located, and what do they do?
5. How does the brain use parallel processing to construct visual perceptions?
6. How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization, and how do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions?
7. How do binocular and monocular cues enable three-dimensional vision, and how does motion perception occur?
8. How do perceptual constancies help us construct meaningful perceptions?
9. What does research on restored vision, sensory restriction, and perceptual adaptation reveal about the effects of experience on perception?
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Test Yourself: Write down the definition.
wavelength
hue
intensity
retina
accommodation
rods
cones
optic nerve
blind spot
fovea
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
opponent-process theory
feature detectors
parallel processing
gestalt
figure-ground
grouping
depth perception
visual cliff
binocular cue
retinal disparity
monocular cue
phi phenomenon
perceptual constancy
perceptual adaptation
Experience the Testing Effect
Test Yourself: Answer the following questions.
1. The characteristic of light that determines the experienced color, such as blue or green, is its ________________.
2. The amplitude of a light wave determines the perception of
3. The blind spot in the retina is located where
A. there are rods but no cones.
B. there are cones but no rods.
C. the optic nerve leaves the eye.
D. the bipolar cells meet the ganglion cells.
4. Cones are the eye’s receptor cells that are especially sensitive to ___________ light and are responsible for __________ vision.
1.
A. bright; black-and-white
B. dim; color
C. bright; color
D. dim; black-and-white
5. Two theories together account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains ___________, and Hering’s theory accounts for the nervous system’s having _______________.
1.
A. opposing retinal processes; three pairs of color receptors
B. opponent-process cells; three types of color receptors
C. three pairs of color receptors; opposing retinal processes
D. three types of color receptors; opponent-process cells
6. What mental processes allow sighted viewers to perceive a lemon as yellow?
7. The cells in the visual cortex that respond to certain lines, edges, and angles are called ___________ _______________.
8. The brain’s ability to process many aspects of an object or a problem simultaneously is called ______________ ____________.
9. In listening to a concert, people with hearing attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of
1.
A. figure-ground.
B. shape constancy.
C. grouping.
D. depth perception.
10. Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle called
1.
A. interposition.
B. depth perception.
C. shape constancy.
D. grouping.
11. The visual cliff experiments suggest that
1.
A. infants have not yet developed depth perception.
B. crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth.
C. we have no way of knowing whether infants can perceive depth.
D. Unlike other species, humans are able to perceive depth in infancy.
2. Depth perception underlies the ability to
A. group similar items in a gestalt.
B. perceive objects as having a constant shape or form.
C. judge distances.
D. Fill in the gaps in a figure.
13. Two examples of ___________ depth cues are interposition and linear perspective.
14. Perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example of
1.
A. shape constancy.
B. perceptual constancy.
C. a binocular cue.
D. continuity
15. After surgery to restore vision, adults who had been blind from birth had difficulty
1.
A. recognizing objects by touch.
B. recognizing objects by sight.
C. distinguishing figure from ground.
D. distinguishing between bright and dim light.
16. In Experiments, sighted people have worn glasses that turned their visual field upside down. After a period of adjustment, they learned to function quite well. This ability is called ___________ ____________.
MODULE 19 REVIEW
Hearing, Skin, Chemical, and Body Senses
Learning Objectives
Test Yourself Answer these repeated Learning Objective Questions to improve your retention of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009, 2015).
1. What are the characteristics of air pressure waves that people hear as sound?
2. How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?
3. How do people detect loudness, discriminate pitch, and locate sounds?
4. What are the four basic touch sensations, and how do we sense touch?
5. What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences affect our experience of pain? How do placebos, distraction, and hypnosis help control pain?
6. In what ways are our senses of taste and smell similar, and how do they differ?
7. How do we sense our body’s position and movement?
8. How does sensory interaction influence our perceptions, and what is embodied cognition?
9. What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists concluded after putting these claims to the test?
Terms and Concepts to Remember
Test Yourself: Write down the definition.
audition
frequency
pitch
middle ear
cochlea [KOHK-lee-uh]
inner ear
sensorineural hearing loss
conduction hearing loss
cochlear implant
place theory
frequency theory
gate-control theory
hypnosis
dissociation
posthypnotic suggestion
gustation
olfaction
kinesthesia [kin-ehs-THEE-zhuh]
vestibular sense
sensory interaction
embodied cognition
extrasensory perception (ESP)
parapsychology
Experience the Testing Effect
Test Yourself: Answer the following questions.
1. The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the _________________.
2. What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?
3. _______________theory explains how people hear high-pitched sounds, and ___________ theory, extended by the principle, explains how people hear low-pitched sounds____________.
4. The sensory receptors that are found mostly in the skin and that detect painful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called ________________.
5. The gate-control theory of pain proposes that
A. special pain receptors send signals directly to the brain.
B. the pain gate is controlled by the thalamus.
C. Small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals.
D. pain can often be controlled and managed effectively through the use of relaxation techniques.
6. How does the biopsychosocial approach explain our experience of pain? Provide examples.
7. We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?
8. _____________ is the sense of body position and movement. ____________ ___________specifically monitors your head’s movement, with sensors in the inner ear.
9. Why do people feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller-coaster ride?
10. A food’s aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example of
A. olfaction.
B. synesthesia.
C. kinesthesia.
D. sensory interaction.
11. Which of the following ESP phenomena is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence?
A. Telepathy
B. Clairvoyance
C. Precognition
D. None of these answers
