Week 2 Discussion Part I
Table 1
What is the Rome IV criteria for functional constipation in infants and children?
· Two or less defecations per week.
· At least one episode of fecal incontinence every week.
· History of retentive posturing or chronic retention of volitional stools.
· Past history of painful or difficult bowel motions.
· A bulky mass of feces in the rectum.
· History of large stools that can clog a toilet.
· Symptoms that are unexplained by another underlying condition
|
List possible physiologic and psychosocial factors related to encopresis |
|
|
Physiologic |
Psychosocial |
|
1. Chronic constipation leading to fecal retention |
1. Toilet training conflicts |
|
2. Neurological disorders affecting bowel control |
2. Stressful life events (e.g., divorce, relocation) |
|
3. Dietary factors (low fiber intake) |
3. Emotional disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression) |
|
4. Hypothyroidism or metabolic disorders |
4. History of abuse or neglect |
|
5. Gastrointestinal motility disorders |
5. Social stigma and embarrassment (Yilanli & Gokarakonda, 2023) |
Table 2
Neonatal Jaundice
|
Jaundice Appears |
Jaundice Disappears |
Peak Bilirubin Concentration (days) |
Diagnostic Studies |
Management and Prevention |
|
|
Physiologic |
After 24 hours |
By 1–2 weeks |
Days 3–5 |
Total serum bilirubin (TSB), direct Coombs test |
Frequent feeding to promote bilirubin excretion; monitoring bilirubin levels |
|
Full-term |
After 24 hours |
By 1–2 weeks |
Days 3–5 |
TSB, transcutaneous bilirubin measurement |
Phototherapy if bilirubin levels exceed thresholds; ensure adequate hydration |
|
Premature |
After 24 hours |
By 2–3 weeks |
Days 5–7 |
TSB, reticulocyte count, blood type testing |
More vigilant monitoring; phototherapy initiated at lower bilirubin levels; possible exchange transfusion in severe cases |
Table 3
Breastfeeding, Infant Nutrition, Postpartum Depression
|
Complete the information requested. |
|
What is the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for breastfeeding? |
|
The American Academy of Pediatrics advocates using exclusive breastfeeding for nearly the first 6 months, and after this, continued breastfeeding, together with complementary foods, for a minimum of 1 year or more as desired mutually between mother and child (Meek & Noble, 2022). |
|
How much weight loss is common after birth – what percentage? ________ |
|
Newborn babies often lose 10 percent or less of birth weight within the first days after giving birth (Mtove et al., 2022). |
|
Newborns should regain birth weight by ______ (when?) |
|
Newborns typically regain their birth weight by 10 to 14 days of age. |
|
What do the Letters PURPLE stand for: |
|
The PURPLE acronym describes normal infant crying patterns: · · · · · · |
|
Birth weight _________ at 6 months and _______ at 12 months. |
|
Birth weight typically doubles by 6 months and triples by 12 months. |
|
How does one distinguish caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma? |
|
Caput Succedaneum: Swelling of the scalp that crosses suture lines; caused by pressure during delivery; resolves within a few days. Cephalohematoma: Collection of blood between the skull bone and its periosteum; does not cross suture lines; may take weeks to resolve. |
|
What percentage of mothers experience “baby blues” after birth? |
|
Approximately 50% to 75% of patients experience baby blues, which are temporary and require no treatment |
|
What screening tool/scale is used to identify mothers at risk for perinatal depression? |
|
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is commonly used to screen for postpartum depression. |
|
What is the daily dose for vitamin D in an infant? Breast milk or formula contains________ calories per ounce? |
|
Infants should receive 400 IU of vitamin D daily, starting within the first few days of life (CDC, 2024) |
|
Breast milk or formula contains________ calories per ounce? |
|
Breast milk and most infant formulas typically contain around 20 calories per ounce |
|
When can infants start solid foods? |
|
Infants can start solid foods around 6 months of age, when they show readiness signs such as sitting up with support and showing interest in foo (CDC, 2024) |
|
What are 5 principles for the introduction of solids into an infant’s diet? |
|
· Introduce one new food at a time, waiting 3–5 days before adding another to monitor for allergies. · Start with iron-rich foods like fortified cereals or pureed meats. · Offer a variety of textures and flavors to encourage acceptance. · Avoid added sugars and salt in baby foods. · Continue breastfeeding or formula feeding alongside solids. |
|
How long should newborns avoid cow’s milk and why? |
|
infants should not be given cow’s milk as a drink before 12 months of age due to risks of iron deficiency and potential for intestinal irritation |
|
What are the clinical findings of dehydration in infants? |
|
· Dry mouth and tongue. · Few or no tears when crying. · Fewer than six wet diapers in 24 hours. · Sunken eyes or fontanelle. · Lethargy or irritability. |
Table 4
Common Infectious Diseases in Children
|
Complete the table |
|||
|
Name |
Clinical Features |
Differential Diagnoses |
Treatment/Management |
|
Herpes Simplex Virus |
Painful vesicular lesions on mouth or genitals; fever |
Aphthous ulcers, hand-foot-and-mouth disease |
Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir); supportive care |
|
Mononucleosis |
Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, fatigue |
Streptococcal pharyngitis, cytomegalovirus |
Supportive care; corticosteroids in severe cases |
|
Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum) |
High fever followed by rash as fever subsides |
Measles, rubella |
Supportive care; antipyretics |
|
Varicella |
Itchy vesicular rash in various stages, fever |
Insect bites, impetigo |
Antiviral therapy in high-risk cases; supportive care |
|
Influenza |
Sudden onset fever, cough, myalgia, fatigue |
Common cold, COVID-19 |
Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir); supportive care |
|
Measles (Rubeola) |
High fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots |
Rubella, roseola |
Supportive care; vitamin A supplementation |
|
Mumps |
Parotid gland swelling, fever, headache |
Lymphadenitis, salivary gland disorders |
Supportive care; isolation to prevent spread |
|
Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth disease) |
“Slapped cheek” rash, lacy rash on body, mild fever |
Rubella, scarlet fever |
Supportive care; avoid contact with pregnant women |
|
Rubella |
Mild fever, rash starting on face and spreading downward |
Measles, roseola |
Supportive care; prevention through vaccination |
Table 5
Fundamental Principles of Prescribing Medication for Pediatric Patients
|
What are the 4 key fundamental principles to consider when prescribing medications for children? |
|
1. Age and Developmental Stage – Consider the child’s age and developmental level, which affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. |
|
2. Formulation and Administration – Choose a formulation appropriate for the child’s swallowing ability and ease of administration (e.g., liquid vs. tablet). |
|
3. Dosage Accuracy and Safety – Use weight-based dosing to ensure accuracy and minimize the risk of underdosing or overdosing. |
|
4. Accessibility and Adherence – Ensure the medication is affordable, readily available, and practical for the child and family to use as prescribed. (Smith et al., 2022). |
Case Scenario: 4-Day-Old Infant Evaluation
Weight Loss and Crying
It is normal for infants to lose up to 10% of their birth weight in the first few days. A 5% loss is within the expected range. The APRN should reassure the parents that this is normal and often related to fluid shifts post-birth. Excessive crying may be a normal pattern during the early weeks or could reflect hunger, discomfort, or gas (Sarmiento-Aguilar et al., 2022). Frequent feedings (8–12 times per day) are normal, and crying does not always indicate inadequate milk supply.
Wet and Soiled Diapers at 4 Days Old
By the fourth day of life, a breastfed infant should have about 4–6 wet diapers and at least 3–4 stools per day. This indicates adequate hydration and milk intake. If the number of wet diapers is significantly less, the APRN should assess feeding techniques and infant latch.
Jaundice Management
Jaundice in a 4-day-old may still be physiologic but must be evaluated to rule out pathologic causes. The APRN should order a total serum bilirubin level and plot it on the bilirubin nomogram. If levels are above the treatment threshold, phototherapy should be initiated (Ansong-Assoku et al., 2024). Continued breastfeeding is encouraged, and feedings should be frequent to promote bilirubin excretion via stool.
Breastfeeding Dyad Assessment
The APRN should ask about latch quality, feeding frequency, nipple pain, and if the mother feels the baby is satisfied after feeding. Observing a feeding session can help identify issues such as poor latch or positioning (Brugaletta et al., 2021). Assessing maternal well-being, hydration, and signs of postpartum depression is also crucial.
Anticipatory Guidance
The APRN should provide guidance on normal newborn behavior, including sleep patterns, feeding schedules, and growth expectations. Parents should be educated about signs of dehydration, when to call the provider (e.g., fever, lethargy, poor feeding), and safe sleep practices. The APRN should also discuss the importance of routine newborn screening, immunizations, and follow-up appointments. Emotional support and resources for new parents, including lactation support and postpartum mental health resources, should be offered.
References
Ansong-Assoku, B., Ankola, P. A., Shah, S. D., & Adnan, M. (2024).
Neonatal Jaundice. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing.
Brugaletta, C., Le Roch, K., Saxton, J., Bizouerne, C., McGrath, M., & Kerac, M. (2021). Breastfeeding assessment tools for at-risk and malnourished infants aged under 6 months old: a systematic review.
F1000Research,
9, 1310.
CDC. (2024a, April 15).
Vitamin D and Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Special Circumstances.
CDC. (2024b, December 3).
When, What, and How to Introduce Solid Foods. Infant and Toddler Nutrition.
Meek, J. Y., & Noble, L. (2022). Policy statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk.
Pediatrics,
150(1).
Mtove, G., Abdul, O., Kullberg, F., Gesase, S., Scheike, T., Andersen, F. M., Madanitsa, M., Kuile, F. O. ter , Alifrangis, M., & Schmiegelow, C. (2022). Weight change during the first week of life and a new method for retrospective prediction of birthweight among exclusively breastfed newborns.
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica,
101(3), 293–302.
Sarmiento-Aguilar, A., Horta-Carpinteyro, D., & Prian-Gaudiano, A. (2022). Percentage of birth weight loss as a reference for the well-being of the exclusively breastfed newborn.
Boletín Médico Del Hospital Infantil de México,
79(6).
Smith, L., Leggett, C., & Borg, C. (2022). Administration of medicines to children: a practical guide.
Australian Prescriber,
45(6), 188–192.
Yilanli, M., & Gokarakonda, S. B. (2023, July 24).
Encopresis. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.
