Step 1: Read https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/ Step 2: Read Sources https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/deep-dives/gene-environment-interaction/ https://learn.genet

Step 1: Read

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/rats/

Step 2: Read Sources

Gene-Environment Interaction

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/twins/

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/nutrition/

https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/brain/

Answer Questions- word count does not matter

1. Various environmental factors, such as diet/nutrition, parental care, and social interaction have been shown to influence the epigenome and ultimately behavior in many different species, including insects, rodents, and humans. Choose a specific behavior that probably evolved biologically but varies in different people. Suggest at least one environmental factor that could account for variation in this behavior. Is there evidence to support an epigenetic link to variations in this behavior?

2. Gene by environment interactions (or gene x environment interactions) are ways in which specific genotypes, after exposure to different environmental factors, show variation in the phenotype. For example, different alleles of the serotonin transporter are associated with individual stress susceptibility and risk of developing mood-related disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety). Why do you think the environment can modulate genes associated with brain structure and function? Comment on whether these interactions evolved to enhance our survival.

Give a brief 75 word response to the two examples below

Example 1

1. Childhood neglect causes rats to have more anxiety. High-nurturing mothers raise high-nurturing pups, and low-nurturing mothers raise low-nurturing pups because of her behavior, not her dna. Low nurtured rats are less likely to lower their guard in a high danger environment saving them from getting eaten by a predator but in a low danger environment like how humans live, low nurtured rats have a higher risk of diabetes and heart disease (Lick Your Rats, n.d.). This helps the species survive when there is scarce food and there is a lot of predators. Mothers in dangerous environment pass down the epigenetic pattern that kept them alive.

2. Differences in protein synthesis are found in depressed patients as well as patients with Alzheimer’s. Higher methylation in the brain is associated in people who were abused and committed suicide vs different causes of death like a car accident. Genes and brain signals are factors that can change how methylation affects an individual. Another factor is childhood abuse. People who were abused and committed suicide share a certain methylation not found in people who were not abused and committed suicide (Epigenetics & the human brain n.d.).

The brain alteration in methylation could be to protect the brain from further abuse and extend our survival, this alteration also appears in rats who were neglected as pups (Lick Your Rats, n.d.). The suicide could be a byproduct like how different alleles of serotonin transporters are associated with individuals with stress susceptibility and a higher risk of developing depression and other mood disorders.

Example 2

The behavior I chose to focus on is severe anxiety. I used to be able to just get on any roller coaster in my teens without having to think about it or hesitate. Now I am in my early twenties, and I am terrified of thinking about the feeling of getting on a roller coaster. The last time I went on a roller coaster was 2 years ago and I was crying before it even took off. My mother struggles with severe anxiety and panic attacks, so, unfortunately, she passed it on to me. and her mom passed it on to her. As I grew up, I realized that I was aware of my anxiety, and I had to learn to live with it. In the article, “What is Severe Anxiety” it states, “Severe anxiety occurs when the body’s natural responses to anticipated stress exceed healthy levels. The symptoms—a racing heart, changes in breathing, and headaches—can hinder your ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. The mind and body naturally perceive and react to potential threats automatically, to stay safe. This is often helpful and means your body is working the way it should. Anxiety is a way of preparing for future stress or possible negative experiences. Long-term or recurrent severe anxiety can be a sign of an anxiety disorder. Left untreated, it can lead to chronic health problems, including heart disease” (Porrey, 2023).
The brain is particularly responsive to experiences and environments during early development. External experiences spark signals between neurons, which respond by producing proteins. These gene regulatory proteins head to the nucleus of the neural cell, where they either attract or repel enzymes that can attach them to the genes. Positive experiences, such as exposure to rich learning opportunities, and negative influences, such as malnutrition or environmental toxins, can change the chemistry that encodes genes in brain cells — a change that can be temporary or permanent. This process is called epigenetic modification (Harvard University, 2015) In conclusion, our brain naturally develops a survival mode to keep us safe, therefore I do believe that these interactions have evolved to enhance our survival instincts.

Share This Post

Order a Similar Paper and get 15% Discount on your First Order

Related Questions

Assessment Description School counseling models have evolved since their inception in the late 1800s; many changes were influenced by economics, social changes, legislation, and ethical decisions. Ult

Assessment Description School counseling models have evolved since their inception in the late 1800s; many changes were influenced by economics, social changes, legislation, and ethical decisions. Ultimately, the changes were introduced to incorporate best practices as school counselors gained experience in program management. To support these ongoing considerations, the ASCA

Touchstone 4: Contrasting Normative Arguments in Standard FormScenario: In this assignment, you will make two contrasting normative arguments about what one ought to do. Both arguments will be about t

Touchstone 4: Contrasting Normative Arguments in Standard FormScenario: In this assignment, you will make two contrasting normative arguments about what one ought to do. Both arguments will be about the same topic; thus, at least one of the arguments will contradict your personal opinion. You will compose the arguments in standard form. That

For this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that illustrates the connection between social psychology, cognitivism, and behaviorism with your role in a career field you find interes

For this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation that illustrates the connection between social psychology, cognitivism, and behaviorism with your role in a career field you find interesting. Consider this presentation training for future colleagues on how psychology relates to your career field. Identify a topic that connects psychology

Assessment Description School counseling has evolved since its inception in the 1880s. Consider how the ASCA National Model has responded to the changes surrounding the history and philosophy of schoo

Assessment Description School counseling has evolved since its inception in the 1880s. Consider how the ASCA National Model has responded to the changes surrounding the history and philosophy of school counseling. First, visit ASCA Templates and Tools and find the red column on the right side of the page. Here you will

I have the below assignment due tomorrow at 5pm. The assignment doesn’t need to be fancy or long. Please let me know if you can assist. In the textbook/lecture there were various forms of development

I have the below assignment due tomorrow at 5pm. The assignment doesn’t need to be fancy or long. Please let me know if you can assist. In the textbook/lecture there were various forms of development discussed. For this assignment, you are to map out YOUR development. This assignment is meant to have

I have the below discussion that is due tomorrow at 5pm. There is a 100 word minimum for this topic so, no more than 150 or so is needed. It doesn’t have to be fancy or extravagant. Please let me know

I have the below discussion that is due tomorrow at 5pm. There is a 100 word minimum for this topic so, no more than 150 or so is needed. It doesn’t have to be fancy or extravagant. Please let me know if you can assist. Discussion Topic: Chapter 09 Discussion:

I have the following assignment due tonight at 10pm. Please let me know if you can assist me. Discuss the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (Central and Peripheral) and the functions

I have the following assignment due tonight at 10pm. Please let me know if you can assist me. Discuss the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system (Central and Peripheral) and the functions of each division (Autonomic (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) and Somatic). Define what a neurotransmitter does. List and describe

6 Replies, 6 UnreadDiscussion Topic: Chapter 02 Discussion: Right Brain – Left BrainChapter 02 Discussion: Right Brain – Left Brain Your textbook (2-5c) has urged us to recognize that full use of huma

6 Replies, 6 UnreadDiscussion Topic: Chapter 02 Discussion: Right Brain – Left BrainChapter 02 Discussion: Right Brain – Left Brain Your textbook (2-5c) has urged us to recognize that full use of human potential should take advantage of the specialized skills of both cerebral hemispheres. However, some experts have charged

Your initial post should be at least 350 words, formatted and cited in current APA style.Provide support for your work from at least 2 academic sources less than 5 years old.Assignment: choose two ar

Your initial post should be at least 350 words, formatted and cited in current APA style. Provide support for your work from at least 2 academic sources less than 5 years old. Assignment: choose two articles based on the analyses we are examining this week (ANCOVA, MANOVA, or MANCOVA). Each

choose two articles based on the analyses we are examining this week (ANCOVA, MANOVA, or MANCOVA). Each article should use a different type of analysis: Identify the research question, the hypotheses,

choose two articles based on the analyses we are examining this week (ANCOVA, MANOVA, or MANCOVA). Each article should use a different type of analysis: Identify the research question, the hypotheses, and the null hypotheses for each study. Identify the variables and their attributes in each study. Describe the study

1. Consider that a new drug named “alcohol” has been introduced . It’s sweeping the nation, much like Fentanyl. People are drinking, getting drunk, committing acts of violence, while on this drug, g

1. Consider that a new drug named “alcohol” has been introduced . It’s sweeping the nation, much like Fentanyl. People are drinking, getting drunk, committing acts of violence, while on this drug, getting into car accidents, and overdosing from drinking too much, too quickly. Would, or should the government legalize

Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation to present to the high school students in which you: Identify the areas of the central nervous system that were damaged.Describe the function

Create a 12- to 15-slide Microsoft PowerPoint presentation to present to the high school students in which you: Identify the areas of the central nervous system that were damaged. Describe the function of the damaged areas of the central nervous system and the extent of the damage. Explain possible changes

Imagine you work for a high school, and one of the students was recently in a car accident and suffered injuries to their nervous system. You have been asked to present to the student’s classmates abo

Imagine you work for a high school, and one of the students was recently in a car accident and suffered injuries to their nervous system. You have been asked to present to the student’s classmates about the injury and how the individual’s behavior may be different because of it. Create

Imagine you work for a high school, and one of the students was recently in a car accident and suffered injuries to their nervous system. You have been asked to present to the student’s classmates abo

My daily activity is feeding my dog. For this assignment, you will recall concepts covered in your readings that are biological in nature and relate these concepts to an activity you do daily. Be sur

My daily activity is feeding my dog. For this assignment, you will recall concepts covered in your readings that are biological in nature and relate these concepts to an activity you do daily. Be sure to support your writing with academic references from your reading assignments. Describe an activity that

Imagine you have been asked to draft a manuscript (i.e., in essay form) for a popular medical magazine on the role of the sensory system and the effects of damage within it. Choose 2 of the 5 senses.

Imagine you have been asked to draft a manuscript (i.e., in essay form) for a popular medical magazine on the role of the sensory system and the effects of damage within it. Choose 2 of the 5 senses. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word essay on how damage to the nervous

Assessment Description Read “Disabling Barriers in the Person-Centered Counseling Relationship” in the Topic 7 Resources to successfully answer this discussion question. Emphasizing the importance of

Assessment Description Read “Disabling Barriers in the Person-Centered Counseling Relationship” in the Topic 7 Resources to successfully answer this discussion question. Emphasizing the importance of culturally sensitive counseling and advocacy, identify a counseling skill (counselor intervention) that would help to disable barriers and ensure measurable outcomes for clients. How can