write chapter 2 and 3 of the research topic. Attached details of chapter 2 and 3.
Here is already completed introduction of research paper.
Research Problem and Setting (150–200 words)
Sub-Saharan Africa healthcare systems are still facing some of the same issues such as inadequate funding, ineffective infrastructures, and staffing shortages, all of which contribute to health outcomes gaps compared to international standards (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023). These challenges can be illustrated by Cameroon, which is faced by low public spending on health, dependence on foreign aid, and weak governance institutions that eventually result in poor access to basic health services (Ngong & Asanghanwa, 2022).
Conversely, the United States has been on the frontline in developing advanced policy and fiscal designs that anticipate the development of new forms of partnerships between the government and the private sector, novel insurance systems and value-based care strategies. The research issue concerning the problem research is that the selective adaptation of the US healthcare policy and financing structures may be used to support the systems of healthcare delivery in Cameroon by strategic alliances with the U.S. hospitals, non-governmental organizations, and diaspora physicians.
The research question will be to determine what aspects of these models can be applied to the local context and sustained in African resource-limited environments. Cameroon will be the area of investigation, and the connection between domestic hospitals, systems of diaspora doctors, and the U.S. institutions will be the primary focus. The study of such transnational partnerships is supposed to produce feasible solutions to strengthening health systems in such a way that will align with the aims of global health equity.
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework (200–250 words)
This paper applies two major theoretical models i.e. Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) and the concept of Health Systems Strengthening (HSS). RDT, a theory that was formulated by Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) says that organizations are contingent on the external resources and the survival depends on the management of the inter-organizational relationships. In the case of the Cameroonian setting, RDT can explain the dependence of healthcare establishments on external players, such as U.S. hospitals, non-governmental organizations, and diaspora physicians, to obtain financial, technical, and human resources. When properly controlled, such dependencies may bring sustainability and innovation in healthcare delivery.
World Health Organization (2007) presented the framework of Health Systems Strengthening that outlines six building blocks, including service delivery, health workforce, information systems, access to essential medicines, financing, and leadership/governance. This framework is commonly used to review and develop interventions which can improve healthcare systems in various regions of the world (WHO, 2023). This research will employ HSS framework as a lens through which the U.S. financial and policy models will be readjusted in the six domains to provide insight into the endeavors of enhancing the healthcare system in Cameroon.
This study embraces a dual lensed approach by merging both RDT and the HSS frame work. Whereas RDT emphasizes the importance of cross-organizational cooperation and outside help, the HSS paradigm puts the query into perspective of the broader view of systematic health enhancement. The intersection of these frameworks is what guarantees that the investigation does not only question the dependency relationships that are bound to the international collaborations, but also considers the associative role of the collaborations in rectifying systemic failures in the Cameroonian healthcare context.
Research Gap (20–100 words)
Previous literature on the role of international aid and NGO interventions in African healthcare systems highlights the relevance of the issue, but the precise ways through which the U.S. policy and financing framework can be adapted to improve African health infrastructures and structures through organized partnerships is limited. Further, little has been done to show the role of diaspora physicians as being critical agents in sustainable capacity building. The research paper is able to fill these gaps by examining how the U.S. institutional models can be applied to the Cameroon health system contextually through cross-border partnerships.
Research Question(s) and Hypotheses (20-50 words)
RQ1: How can U.S. policy and financial models be modified to build up the healthcare system in Cameroon with the help of U.S. hospitals, NGOs, and diaspora physicians?
Hypothesis 1 (H1): These partnerships based on the modified U.S. models will have a positive impact on the Cameroon healthcare funding, human resource capacity, and the service delivery.
RQ2: When there are cross-border relationships between the U.S hospitals and NGOs and the healthcare system in Cameroon, how diaspora physicians contribute to the sustainability of the healthcare system?
Hypothesis 2 (H2): The involvement of diaspora physicians in transnational healthcare collaborations will increase workforce considerably and result in better healthcare delivery beyond the short term sustainability of Cameroon.
Proposed Methodology (50-100 words)
In this research, the mixed-methods case study will be used. Surveys will be carried out among the healthcare administrators and the diaspora physicians to determine the financing structures, the contribution of workforce, and the performance indicators of the system. The qualitative data will be gathered through semi-structured interviews with policy makers, NGO leaders and hospital administrators. The dependent variables are of service delivery, financing, and workforce capacity and independent variables are the adapted U.S. policy and financial models. Regression analysis will be used to analyze quantitative data and thematic coding to analyze qualitative information. The planned instruments will be structured questionnaires and interview protocols which will be needed to provide triangulation of validity and reliability.
Survey and Interview Instruments.
To measure the quantitative aspect, validated and open-access survey tools about health systems strengthening will be used in this study. Particularly, objects will be based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) survey tool that the authors make available under the Creative Commons Attribution license freely. This tool measures service provision, funding, and human resource strength, which is consistent with the dependent variables of the study. WHO (2015) will be given attribution.
To develop the qualitative element, a semi-structured interview guide will be based on the available open-source interview guides on health system strengthening (e.g., WHO Health System Building Blocks interview protocols). These guides are dealing with the governance, financing, workforce, and service delivery. Proper attributions will be made of the original authors.
Prior to the implementation, the modified survey and interview materials will be piloted to make sure that there is contextual appropriateness to Cameroon. The established reliability and validity in previous application will be referred as well and any undergoing adaptations will be expressed in a transparent manner.
Summary (20-100 words)
The paper will discuss how U.S. healthcare policy and financial paradigms can be adjusted to empower the health system in Cameroon by collaborating with U.S. hospitals, NGOs, and diaspora doctors. The study is based on the resource-based theory and the health system strengthening framework, and utilizing a mixed-methods case study, the research evaluates both systemic and collaborative effects. The results will have a direct impact on my health sciences/business specialization since it will clarify the concept of sustainable cross-border financial and healthcare delivery models.
References
Ngong, C. A., & Asanghanwa, D. C. (2022). Health financing and equity in Cameroon: Challenges and prospects for universal health coverage. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1048. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08567-1
Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Harper & Row.
World Health Organization. (2007). Everybody’s business: Strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. WHO Press.
World Health Organization. (2023). Tracking universal health coverage: 2023 global monitoring report. WHO Press.
